Narcissus and Daffodil

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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkaloids References Narcissus L. cv. Celebrity 1 lycorine 20 vasconine 63 narciclasine Piozzi et al., 1969 Narcissus L. cv. Cheerfulness 69 galanthamine 63 narciclasine Moraes-Cerdeira et al., 1997b Piozzi et al., 1969 Narcissus L. cv. Clamor 63 narciclasine Ceriotti et al., 1967 Piozzi et al., 1969 Nancissus L. cv. Folly 1 lycorine Abduazimov and 58 tazettine Yunusov, 1967 Narcissus L. cv. Ice Follies 10 caranine Moraes-Cerdeira 69 galanthamine et al., 1997a 49 haemanthamine Moraes-Cerdeira 30 hippeastrine 77 lycoramine 78 norlycoramine 1 lycorine et al., 1997b Narcissus L. cv. Inglescombe 69 galanthamine Bastos et al., 1996 49 haemanthamine 30 hippeastrine 23 homolycorine 77 lycoramine 78 norlycoramine 31 lycorenine 1 lycorine 11 pluviine Boit et al., 1957c Narcissus L. cv. Insulinde 7 galanthine 49 haemanthamine 1 lycorine 11 pluviine Boit et al., 1957c Narcissus L. cv. Irene Copeland 1 lycorine 76 narwedine Boit et al., 1957c Narcissus L. cv Kristalli 69 galanthamine Abduazimov and 1 lycorine 76 narwedine 58 tazettine Yunusov, 1967 Narcissus L. cv. Livia 10 caranine 7 galanthine 49 haemanthamine 1 lycorine 11 pluviine Boit et al., 1957c Narcissus L. cv. Salome 53 crinamine 72 norgalanthamine 30 hippeastrine 35 2α-hydroxy-6-Omethyloduline 3 pseudolycorine 21 tortuosine 20 vasconine Almanza et al., 1996 Narcissus L. cv. Texas 69 galanthamine Barton and Kirby, 1962 49 haemanthamine Boit et al., 1957c
162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkaloids References Narcissus L. cv. Texas (contd.) Narcissus L. cv. Totus Albus Prior = N. papyraceus Ker. Gawl. 1 lycorine 63 narciclasine 76 narwedine 11 pluviine 12 norpluviine Narcissus L. cv. Twink 69 galanthamine 7 galanthine 49 haemanthamine 1 lycorine 11 pluviine Narcissus L. cv. Van Sion 69 galanthamine 72 norgalanthamine 7 galanthine 49 haemanthamine 23 homolycorine 78 norlycoramine 31 lycorenine 1 lycorine 11 pluviine 58 tazettine Ceriotti et al., 1967 Kirby and Michael, 1973 Kirby and Tiwari, 1966 Piozzi et al., 1969 63 narciclasine Ceriotti et al., 1967 Piozzi et al., 1969 Boit and Ehmke, 1956 Boit et al., 1957c Boit and Ehmke, 1956 Boit et al., 1957c Narcissus L. cv. Verger 63 narciclasine Ceriotti et al., 1967 Piozzi et al., 1969 Narcissus sp. 69 galanthamine 63 narciclasine 64 narciprimine 2 poetaminine Ceriotti, 1967 Cherkasov et al., 1989 Piozzi et al., 1968 Willaman and Li, 1970 Note *The taxonomical aspects are based on the works of Barra and López-González (1984a,b), Blanchard (1990), Dorda and Fernández-Casas (1984a,b, 1989, 1990, 1994), Dorda et al. (1991), Fernandes (1975, 1991), Fernández-Casas (1983, 1984a,b, 1986) and Pugsley (1933) for wild Narcissus species and hybrids, and those of Boit and Döpke (1956), Boit and Ehmke (1956), Boit et al. (1957b,c), Jefferson- Brown (1991), Kington (1989) and Piozzi et al. (1969) for Narcissus cultivars. Although L-phenylalanine (L-phe) and L-tyrosine (L-tyr) are closely related in chemical structure, they are not interchangeable in plants. In the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, L-phe serves as a primary precursor of the C 6 –C 1 fragment, corresponding to ring A and the benzylic position (C-6), and L-tyr is the precursor of ring C, the two-carbon side chain (C-11 and C-12) and nitrogen, C 6 –C 2 –N. The conversion of L-phe to the C 6 –C 1 unit requires the loss of two carbon atoms from the side chain as well as the introduction of at least two oxygenated substituents into the aromatic ring, which is performed via cinnamic acids. The presence of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) has been demonstrated in Amaryllidaceae (Suhadolnik et al., 1963), and the elimination of ammonia mediated by this enzyme is known to occur in an antiperiplanar manner to give trans-cinnamic acid, with loss of the
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
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16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
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18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
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20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
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22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
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24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
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26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
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28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
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3 Classification of the genus Narci
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(1) (2) (3)
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34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
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36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
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38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
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40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
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42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
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44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
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46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
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50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
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64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
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Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
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70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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Page 137 and 138: 116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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Page 167 and 168: Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Page 171 and 172: Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
Page 173 and 174: Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
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234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
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236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
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238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
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240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
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8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
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244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
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9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
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260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
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262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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264 M. Kreh 2.0 flower 2 1 3 4 0 10
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266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
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268 M. Kreh fraction of Narcissus
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H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
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272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
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274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
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276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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278 R.M. Moraes Galanthamine conten
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280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
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282 R.M. Moraes years, a yield of 1
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284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
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11 Extraction and quantitative anal
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288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
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Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
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Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
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306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
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334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
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336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
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338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
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340 D. Brown were internationally i
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342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
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370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
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382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
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394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
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Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
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398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
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400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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