Narcissus and Daffodil

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Sources of galanthamine 253 Krylov, Yu. F. (editor-in-chief) (1999) Encyclopedia of Drugs. Register of Medicinal Drugs of Russia. 6th edition, RMD-2000, Moscow, p. 77. Kuvaev, V.B. and Khamidkhodzhaev, S.A. (1989) Distribution of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae) in Middle Asia. Bulleten Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdeleniye Biologiya, 94 (6), 80–85 (in Russian). Kuznetsov, V.I., Volkova, N.S. and Morozova, V.A. (1969) Extractive-photometric determination of galanthamine. Farmaziya (Moscow), 18 (1), 39–40 (in Russian). Lewis, J.R. (1990) Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Natural Product Reports, 7 (6), 549–556. Lewis, J.R. (1997) Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Natural Product Reports, 14 (3), 303–308. Luo, Zh., Wang, D., Lai, L., Xu, X. and Li, Ch. (1995) Three dimentional quantitative structure–activity relationship studies of galanthamine and its analogs. Wuli Huaxue Xuebao, 11 (5), 419–423 (in Chinese). Maisuradze, N.I., Cherkasov, O.A. and Stikhin, V.A. (1985) Narcissus leaves as a raw material for galanthamine production. Khimiko-Farmazevticheskii Zhurnal, 19 (3), 190–192 (in Russian). Maisuradze, N.I., Kiselev, V.P., Cherkasov, O.A., Nukhimovsky, E.L., Ugnivenko, V.V., Makarova, N.V. and Khocialova, L.I. (1984) Results of cultivation of definite medicinal plants in VILAR for security of sources of raw material for new medicinal remedies. In 1st Republic Conference on Medical Botany, Abstracts, No. 3, Naukova Dumka, Kiev, pp. 54–55 (in Russian). Mashkovsky, M.D. (1955) An influence of galanthamine on skeletal muscular sensitivity to acetylcholine. Farmakologia i toksikologia, 18 (4), 21–27 (in Russian). Mashkovsky, M.D. (1984) Medicinal Drugs. Meditsyna, Moscow, Part 1, pp. 222–224 (in Russian). Mashkovsky, M.D. and Kruglova-L’vova, R.P. (1951) About the pharmacology of new alkaloid galanthamine. Farmakologia i toksikologia, 14 (6), 27–30 (in Russian). Medvedeva, N.A., Semicheva, T.Ch. and Fokina, G.A. (1994) Amaryllidaceae Jaume. In: P.D. Sokolov (ed.-in-chief ), Plant Resources of Russia and Adjoined Countries. Flowering Plants, Their Composition and Use. Butomaceaceae – Typhaceae, 8th issue, Nauka, Sanct-Peterburg, pp. 57–62. Moraes-Cerdeira, R.M., Bastos, J.K., Burandt, C.L., Jr., Dhammika Nanayakkara, N.P., Mikkel, J. and McChesney, J.D. (1997a) Alkaloid content of different bulb plant on Narcissus cv. Ice Follies. Planta Medica, 63 (1), 92–93. Moraes-Cerdeira, R.M., Burandt, C.L., Jr., Mikkel, J., Bastos, J.K., Dhammika Nanayakkara, Mikel, J., Thurn, J. and McChesney, J.D. (1997b) Evaluation of four Narcissus cultivars as potential sources for galanthamine production. Planta Medica, 63 (5), 472–474. Negwer, M. (ed.) (1978) Organic-chemical drugs and their synonyms. 5th edition. Akademie- Verlag, Berlin, Vol. 1–3, No. 3048 and 3377. Patudin, A.V., Gorbunova, G.M., Kovtun, L.S., Gorbunov, V.D., Stikhin, V.A. and Gogitidze, S.D. (1978) A search of galanthamine in Transcaucasian plants Galanthus L. and Leucojum L. Khimiko-Farmazevticheskii Zhurnal, 12 (6), 59–62 (in Russian). Peeters, O.M., Blaton, N.M. and DeRauter, C.J. (1997) (–)-Galanthaminium bromide. Acta Crystallographyca Series C: Crystal Structure Communications, C53 (9), 1284–1286. Petrov, A.V. (1975) Sprouting Narcissus in Yakutsk botanical garden. In Introduktsiya Rastenii v Zentral’noi Yakutii, Yakutsk, pp. 41–45 (in Russian). Polt, R. (1996) Amaryllidaceae alkaloids with antitumor activity. Organic Synthesis: Theory Application, No. 3, 109–148. Popov, Yu. G. and Cherkasov, O.A. (1983) Clonal reproduction of Amaryllidaceae species. Plant cell cultures and biotechnology. Abstracts of reports of 4th All-Union Conference, October 1983, Shtiinza, Kishinev, p. 125 (in Russian). Popov, Yu. G. and Cherkasov, O.A. (1984) Accelerated reproduction in vitro of definite bulb plants of Amaryllidaceae family. Sel’sko-Khozyaistvennaya biologiya, No. 4, 76–79 (in Russian).
254 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkachev Popova, O.I. (1982) Crinum L. Species as the Sources of the Alkaloids of Lycorine and Galanthamine Series, Ph. D. dissertation (Abstract), Moscow, 25 pp. (in Russian). Popova, O.I. and Karpenko, V.A. (1989) Photocolorimetric determination of alkaloids in Narcissus poeticus L. leaves. Manuscript Deposited in All-Union Institute of Science and Technical Information (VINITI), 26.12.89, No 7670-B 89. From: Referativnyi Zhurnal Rastenievodstvo, 1990, No. 4, 4.55.747DEP, 82 c (in Russian). Proskurnina, N.F. and Yakovleva, A.P. (1952) About alkaloids of Galanthus woronowii. 2. The isolation of a new alkaloid. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii, 22 (10), 1899–1902 (in Russian). Proskurnina, N.F. and Yakovleva, A.P. (1955) About alkaloids of Galanthus woronowi. 3. About galanthamine structure. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii, 25 (5), 1035–1039 (in Russian). Renard-Nozaki, J., Kim, T., Imakura, Y., Kihara, M. and Kobayashi, S. (1989) Effect of alkaloids isolated from Amaryllidaceae on herpes simplex virus. Research Virology, 140 (2), 115–128. RHS (1975) The Classified List and International Register of Daffodil Names. Royal Horticultural Society, London. Ruan, L. (1988) Alkaloids from Amaryllidaceae. Yaoxue Tongbao, 23 (8), 453–455 (in Chinese). Rusakova, S.V., Tolstykh, L.P., Akhnazarova, S.L., Lavrovsky, V.V., Gorbunova, G.M. and Sidorova, E.A. (1986) Optimization and mathematical modelling the solid phase extraction of galanthamine from plant material. Deposited manuscript in VINITI, Moscow, 1986, 08.05.86, No. 3340-V86 (in Russian). Sadykov, Yu. D. and Khodzhimatov, M. (1988) A maintenance of the alkaloids in Ungernia victoris Vved. (Tajik SSR). Rastitel’nye Resursy, 24 (3), 410–414 (in Russian). Saev, S.K. and Tenev, K.A. (1963) Decurarisation during surgical operations on patients with cardiac disorders with Nivaline. Experimental’naya Khirurgiya i Anestesiologiya, No. 2, 76–77 (in Russian). Selles, M., Bastida, J., Viladomat, F. and Codina, C. (1997a) Quantitative evaluation of galanthamine and related alkaloids in wild plants and tissue cultures of Narcissus confusus by high performance liquid chromatography. Analysis, 25 (5), 156–158. Selles, M., Bergonon, S., Viladomat, F., Bastida, J. and Codina, C. (1997b) Effect of sucrose on growth and galanthamine production in shoot-clump cultures of Narcissus confusus in liquid-shake medium. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Culture, 49 (2), 129–136. Shakirov, T.T., Avazmukhamedov, L.T., Shamsutdinov, M.-R.I. and Yunusov, S. Yu (1969) About ion exchange method of galanthamine production. Khimiko-Farmazevticheskii Zhurnal, No. 7, 42–44 (in Russian). Smirnova, L.S., Abduazimov, Kh. and Yunusov, S. Yu (1965) Alkaloids of Ungernia severtsovii (Rgl.) B.Fed. Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, 322–328 (in Russian). Snorrason, E. (1996) Cholinesterase inhibitors for counteracting the sedative, hypnotic, or respiratorydepressive effects of benzazepines and for treatment of schizophrenia. US Patent No. 5 589 475. Sokolov, S. Ya and Zamotaev, I.P. (1989) A Guide Book on Medicinal Plants. Phytotherapy, Metallurgia, Moscow, pp. 84–86 (in Russian). Stefanov, Zh., Savchev, P. and Mitkov, I. (1974) Qualitative and quantitative study of the alkaloid composition in wild and cultivated populations of Leucojum aestivum L. Farmacija (Sofia), (24) 6, 16–19 (in Bulgarian). Stojanov, N. and Savchev, P. (1964) Natural resources of Leucojum aestivum study in our country. Farmacija (Sofia), 14 (6), 54–60 (in Bulgarian). Takhtadjan, A.L. (ed.) (1975) Red book: Wild Species of USSR Flora Indigent in Protection. Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 17–18 (in Russian). Takhtadjan, A.L. (1981) Rare and Disappearing Species of the USSR Flora Indigent in Protection. 2nd edition. Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 32–34 (in Russian). Tokhtabaeva, G.M. (1987) Chromato-photocolorimetric method of galanthamine determination in leaves of Narcissus Fortune. Khimiko-Farmacevticheskii Zhurnal, 21 (6), 703–705 (in Russian).
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
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16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
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18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
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20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
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22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
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24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
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26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
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28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
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3 Classification of the genus Narci
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(1) (2) (3)
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34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
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36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
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38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
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40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
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42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
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44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
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46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
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50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
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64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
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Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
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70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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Page 229 and 230: 208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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Page 237 and 238: 216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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Page 241 and 242: 220 C. Codina they might be more su
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Page 245 and 246: 224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
Page 247 and 248: 226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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Page 251 and 252: 230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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Page 255 and 256: 234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
Page 257 and 258: 236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
Page 259 and 260: 238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
Page 261 and 262: 240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
Page 263 and 264: 8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
Page 265 and 266: 244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
Page 273: 252 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
Page 277 and 278: 9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
Page 279 and 280: 258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
Page 281 and 282: 260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
Page 283 and 284: 262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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Page 291 and 292: H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
Page 293 and 294: 272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
Page 295 and 296: 274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
Page 297 and 298: 276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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Page 301 and 302: 280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
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Page 305 and 306: 284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
Page 307 and 308: 11 Extraction and quantitative anal
Page 309 and 310: 288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
Page 317 and 318: Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
Page 319 and 320: Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
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306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
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334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
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336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
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338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
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340 D. Brown were internationally i
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342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
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370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
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382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
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394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
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Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
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398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
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400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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