Narcissus and Daffodil

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Analysis of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids 301 Gorinova, N.I., Atanassov, A.I., Stojanov, D.V. and Tencheva, J. (1993) Influence of chemical composition of soils on the galanthamine content in Leucojum aestivum. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 16, 1631–1636. Hong, S.H., Li, J.F. and Xu, R.X. (1981) Studies on alkaloids of Amaryllidaceae. VI. Identification of galanthamine and lycoramine by thin-layer chromatography. Chih Wu Hsueh Pao, 23, 334–337 (in Chinese) (Chemical Abstracts, 95, 209453). Kalashnikov, I.D. (1969) Study of common snowdrop bulb alkaloids by thin layer chromatography. Issledovaniya v Oblasti Lekarstvennye Sredstva, 228–231 (in Russian) (Chemical Abstracts, 74, 136420). Kolusheva, A. and Vulkova, A. (1966) Spectrophotometric examinations of galanthamine, lycorine, and nivalidine. Farmatsiya (Sofia), 16, 45–49 (in Bulgarian) (Chemical Abstracts, 66, 68973). Könükol, S. and Sener, B. (1992) High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of some Amaryllidaceae alkaloids from Pancratium maritimum L. Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy Gazi University, 9, 89–95. Kreh, M., Matusch, R. and Witte, L. (1995a) Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Phytochemistry, 38, 773–776. Kreh, M., Matusch, R. and Witte, L. (1995b) Acetylated alkaloids from Narcissus pseudonarcissus. Phytochemistry, 40, 1303–1306. Kugusheva, L.I., Kuznetsova, L.P., Nikol’skaya, E.B. and Yagodina, O.V. (1992) Use of enzyme-containing membranes for the determination of organic substances. Zhurnal Analiticheskoi Khimii, 47, 1478–1483 (in Russian). Kuznetsov, V.I., Volkova, N.S. and Morozova, V.A. (1969) Extraction and photometric determination of galanthamine. Farmatsiya (Moscow), 18, 39–40 (in Russian) (Chemical Abstracts, 71, 33488). Leifertova, I. and Brazdova, V. (1967) Alkaloids of Galanthus nivalis grown in Slovakian provinces. Ceskoslovenska Farmacie, 16, 352–354 (in Czech) (Chemical Abstracts, 68, 6133). Lloyd, H.L., Fales, H.M., Highet, P.F., Van den Heuvel, W.J.A. and Wildman, W.C. (1960) Separation of alkaloids by gas chromatography. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 82, 3791. Ma, Y., Ito, Y., Sokolosky, E. and Fales, H.M. (1994) Separation of alkaloids by pHzone-refining counter-current chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 685, 259–262. Makhkamova, A.U. and Safonova, E.V. (1994) Method for quantitative determination of lycorine in leaves of Ungernia sewerzowi. Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, 4, 571–572 (in Russian) (Chemical Abstracts, 123, 237997). Meng, Z., Zhan, Y. and Zhao, G. (1998) Determination of alkaloid hydrobromide drugs by oscillopolarographic titration. Fenxi Ceshi Xuebao, 16, 63–65 (in Chinese) (Chemical Abstracts, 128, 196727). Mikhno, V.V. and Levitskaya, G.K. (1971) Paper electrophoresis for the determination of galanthamine and securinine in forensic chemical investigations. Farmatsevtichnii Zhurnal (Kiev), 26, 26–31 (in Ukrainian) (Chemical Abstracts, 76, 122476). Millington, D.S., Games, D.E. and Jackson, A.H. (1972) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. In: A. Frigerio (ed.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Tamburini, Milan, pp. 275–288. Moraes-Cerdeira, R.M., Bastos, J.K., Burandt, C.L., Jr., Nanayakkara, N.P.D., Mikkel, J. and McChesney, J.D. (1997a) Alkaloid content of different bulb parts of Narcissus cv. Ice Follies. Planta Medica, 63, 92–93. Moraes-Cerdeira, R.M., Burandt, C.L., Jr., Bastos, J.K., Nanayakkara, N.P.D., Mikell, J., Thurn, J. and McChesney, J.D. (1997b) Evaluation of four Narcissus cultivars as potential sources for galanthamine production. Planta Medica, 63, 472–474.
302 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bastos Nikol’skaya, E.B., Kuznetsova, L.P. and Kostrova, V.M. (1989) Optimization of conditions for enzymic determination of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. Zhurnal Analiticheskoi Khimii, 44, 936–943 (in Russian) (Chemical Abstracts, 111, 111449). Onyiriuka, O.S. and Jackson, A.H. (1978) Mass spectral studies of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Israel Journal of Chemistry, 17, 185–192. Pavlov, A.S. and Ponomarev, V.D. (1981) Extraction-photometric determination of galanthamine hydrobromide. Khimicheskaya Promyshlennost Seriya: Metody Analiza i Kontrolya Kachestva Produktsii v Khimicheskoi Promyshlennosti, 9, 24–26 (in Russian) (Chemical Abstracts, 95, 209735). Pettit, G.R., Pettit, G.R., III, Backhaus, R.A. and Boettner, F.E. (1995a) Antineoplastic agents, 294. Variations in the formation of pancratistatin and related isocarbostyrils in Hymenocallis littoralis. Journal of Natural Products, 58, 37–43. Pettit, G.R., Pettit, G.R., III, Groszek, G., Backhaus, R.A., Doubek, D.L., Barr, R.J. and Meerow, A.W. (1995b) Antineoplastic agents, 301. An investigation of the Amaryllidaceae genus Hymenocallis. Journal of Natural Products, 58, 756–759. Poulev, A., Deus-Neumann, B. and Zenk, M.H. (1993) Enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative determination of galanthamine. Planta Medica, 59, 442–446. Queckenberg, O.R. and Frahm, A.W. (1993) Chromatographic and spectroscopic coupling: a powerful tool for the screening of wild Amaryllidaceae. Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC, 6, 55–61. Queckenberg, O.R. and Frahm, A.W. (1994) Supercritical fluid extraction – Schnelligkeit und Selectivität in der Naturstoffanalytik. Pharmazie, 49, 159–166. Queckenberg, O.R., Frahm, A.W., Mueller-Doblies, D. and Mueller-Doblies, U. (1996) Reinvestigation of Amaryllis belladonna. Phytochemical Analysis, 7, 156–160. Sandberg, F. and Michel, K.-H. (1963) Phytochemische Studien über die Alkaloide von Pancratium maritimum. Lloydia, 26, 78–90. Sarg, T.M., Zenk, M.H., El-Dahmy, S.I., Abdel-Ghani, A.E. and Abou-Hashem, Maged, M. (1996) Application of immunoenzymic technique in determination of galanthamine in two Pancratium species. Zagazig Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 5, 99–104 (Chemical Abstracts, 128, 72557). Sellés, M., Bastida, J., Viladomat, F. and Codina, C. (1997) Quantitative evaluation of galanthamine and related alkaloids in wild plants and tissue cultures of Narcissus confusus by high performance liquid chromatography. Analusis, 25, 156–158. Stefanov, Zh. (1977) Quantitative and qualitative study of the alkaloid composition of wild and introduced Leucojum aestivum L. populations. Part II. Method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of galanthamine and some of the major alkaloids in the above ground parts and bulbs of the plant. Farmatsiya (Sofia), 27, 4–10 (in Bulgarian) (Chemical Abstracts, 89, 102941). Takagi, S., Katagi, T. and Takebayashi, K. (1968a) Gas–liquid chromatography of alkaloids. I. Separation of alkaloids of Amaryllidaceae. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 16, 1116–1120. Takagi, S., Katagi, T. and Takebayashi, K. (1968b) Gas–liquid chromatography of alkaloids. II. Quantitative analysis of alkaloids of Lycoris radiata. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 16, 1121–1123. Takagi, S., Katagi, T. and Takebayashi, K. (1969) Gas–liquid chromatography of alkaloids. V. Gas chromatographic determination of lycorenine. Yakugaku Zasshi, 89, 1641–1645 (in Japanese) (Chemical Abstracts, 72, 125092). Tanahashi, T., Poulev, A. and Zenk, M.H. (1990) Radioimmunoassay for the quantitative determination of galanthamine. Planta Medica, 56, 77–81. Tencheva, Zh. and Budevski, O. (1987) Determination of drugs and metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Suvremenna Meditsina, 38, 37–40 (in Bulgarian) (Chemical Abstracts, 108, 142742).
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
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16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
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18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
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20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
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22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
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24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
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26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
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28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
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3 Classification of the genus Narci
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(1) (2) (3)
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34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
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36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
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38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
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40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
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42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
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44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
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46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
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50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
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64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
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Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
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70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
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234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
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236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
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238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
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240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
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8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
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244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
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Page 271 and 272: 250 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
Page 277 and 278: 9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
Page 279 and 280: 258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
Page 281 and 282: 260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
Page 283 and 284: 262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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Page 291 and 292: H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
Page 293 and 294: 272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
Page 295 and 296: 274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
Page 297 and 298: 276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
Page 299 and 300: 278 R.M. Moraes Galanthamine conten
Page 301 and 302: 280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
Page 303 and 304: 282 R.M. Moraes years, a yield of 1
Page 305 and 306: 284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
Page 307 and 308: 11 Extraction and quantitative anal
Page 309 and 310: 288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
Page 317 and 318: Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
Page 319 and 320: Table 11.1 Continued References Det
Page 321: 300 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
Page 325 and 326: 12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
Page 327 and 328: 306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
Page 353 and 354: 13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
Page 355 and 356: 334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
Page 357 and 358: 336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
Page 359 and 360: 338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
Page 361 and 362: 340 D. Brown were internationally i
Page 363 and 364: 342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
Page 365 and 366: 344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
Page 367 and 368: 346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
Page 369 and 370: 348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
Page 371 and 372: 350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
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370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
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382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
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394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
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Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
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398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
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400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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