Narcissus and Daffodil

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Agronomic factors and galanthamine production 279 et al., 1990), chipping (Flint and Alderson, 1986), and micropropagation (Squires and Langton, 1990). Mechanised chipping (Hanks, 1989) is a large-scale propagation method for abundant low-priced stocks of narcissus. In terms of achieving high numbers of propagules, the micropropagation procedure can reach 2.5 million in five years, much greater than the numbers produced by twin-scaling or chipping. However, due to the high cost of the facilities and the intensive labour required, micropropagation remains complementary to chipping and twin-scaling in the ornamentals industry. Currently, micropropagation is only used to a very limited extent on narcissus, to multiply small stocks of elite, virus-free lines and cultivars, and for germplasm propagation in breeding programmes. A combination of available propagation methods may be the wisest strategy to increase narcissus bulb stocks for galanthamine production. However, the magnitude of the losses, economic and otherwise, that AD causes to patients, families and society, may justify the high cost of micropropagating narcissus bulbs for medicinal purposes. Therefore, micropropagation may be more affordable in the pharmaceutical industry than in the ornamentals industry. If so, micropropagation could rapidly increase propagule stocks of high-yielding cultivars such as ‘Inglescombe’, improving biomass quality for better extractable yields. Growth and biomass yield As long as the supply of galanthamine relies on natural sources, there will be an increasing need to optimise biomass production and extraction to achieve maximum yields. A research programme on galanthamine supply from natural sources has both short- and long-term strategies. The short-term strategy includes a procedure with three fundamental steps, which will indicate the feasibility of pilot-scale production system. The first step consists of the identification of taxa found in abundance that could become a reliable source for establishing a production system. The second step is the optimisation of growing conditions and agronomic practices to maximise field production of the abundant source. The third step constitutes the development of a large-scale extraction and separation method to improve the yields of galanthamine isolated. The long-term strategy consists of selecting high-yielding Narcissus taxa and other Amaryllidaceae, maintaining germplasm collections, mass propagating elite plants, and field studies to enhance yields in an already established production system. At the National Center for Natural Products Research, four widely available Narcissus cultivars, ‘Geranium’, ‘Mount Hood’, ‘Cheerfulness’ and ‘Ice Follies’, have been identified and evaluated for agronomic factors affecting their yield. The results indicated that planting depth, bulb size, planting density and the removal of flower buds did not influence drug content. However, these factors did influence bulb growth, and therefore drug yield per unit of cultivation area (Table 10.2) (Moraes-Cerdeira et al., 1997b). ‘Cheerfulness’ and ‘Geranium’ exhibited good growth but low galanthamine content, thus showing little promise for drug production. Planting density is a complex issue. Under dense plantings, the decreased growth rate reduces the yield per plant, but the biomass yield per unit area of land increases (Rees et al., 1973). Galanthamine content is unaffected by high-density plantings. Therefore, depending on the growth increase, planting density may
280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effect of planting depth on bulb growth and galanthamine yield of four Narcissus cultivars Cultivar Growth % Galanthamine (mg/100 g DW) Note a Least significant difference at p
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
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16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
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18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
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20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
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22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
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24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
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26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
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28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
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3 Classification of the genus Narci
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(1) (2) (3)
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34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
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36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
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38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
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40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
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42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
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44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
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46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
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50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
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64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
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Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
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70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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Page 259 and 260: 238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
Page 261 and 262: 240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
Page 263 and 264: 8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
Page 265 and 266: 244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
Page 277 and 278: 9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
Page 279 and 280: 258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
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Page 283 and 284: 262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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Page 287 and 288: 266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
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Page 291 and 292: H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
Page 293 and 294: 272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
Page 295 and 296: 274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
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Page 305 and 306: 284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
Page 307 and 308: 11 Extraction and quantitative anal
Page 309 and 310: 288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
Page 317 and 318: Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
Page 319 and 320: Table 11.1 Continued References Det
Page 325 and 326: 12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
Page 327 and 328: 306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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330 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
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334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
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336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
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338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
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340 D. Brown were internationally i
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342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
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370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
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382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
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394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
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Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
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398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
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400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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