Narcissus and Daffodil

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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulation of alkaloids in both tissue (shoot-clumps) and liquid medium in the experiment with kinetin 225 7.9 Levels of alkaloids released by bulblets treated with paclobutrazol into the culture medium 227 7.10 Accumulation of alkaloids in both tissue bulblets and liquid medium in the experiment with paclobutrazol 228 7.11 Levels of alkaloids released by shoot-clumps treated with paclobutrazol into the culture medium 229 7.12 Accumulation of alkaloids in both tissue (shoot-clumps) and liquid medium in the experiment with paclobutrazol 230 7.13 Alkaloid production in bulb-derived shoot-clumps grown under different sucrose concentrations 233 7.14 Alkaloid production in seed-derived shoot-clumps grown under different sucrose concentrations 234 7.15 Alkaloid production by plantlets grown in 250ml flasks 236 7.16 Alkaloid production by plantlets grown in 500ml flasks 237 7.17 Comparison between the total production of alkaloids by plantlets grown in two different flask sizes 238 8.1 Formulae of galanthamine, lycorine and fortucine 243 9.1 Narcissus ‘Carlton’ 259 9.2 Galanthamine content of bulbs of Narcissus ‘Carlton’ over one year 260 9.3 Galanthamine content of aerial parts of Narcissus ‘Carlton’ over one year 262 9.4 Galanthamine content of the different plant organs of Narcissus ‘Carlton’ on a fresh weight basis 263 9.5 HPLC chromatograms of the alkaloids obtained from different parts of flowering Narcissus ‘Carlton’ 264 9.6 Galanthamine content in leaf and bulb of Narcissus ‘Carlton’ following the application of different fertilisers 265 9.7 HPLC chromatograms of the alkaloid fractions 266 10.1 The effect of developmental stages of Narcissus ‘Inglescombe’ on galanthamine content during the 1994 growing season 278 11.1 Chemical structures of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids with important biological activities 286 12.1 The equilibrium process between narwedine hydrohydienone and its enantiomers. Structure of norbelladine and N,O-dimethylnorbelladine 305 12.2 Synthesis of narwedine via N,O-dimethylnorbelladine 307 12.3 Synthesis of narwedine via palladium-containing intermediate 308 12.4 Synthesis of galanthamine via belladine-type benzamide 309
xviii Figures/Plates 12.5 Synthesis of 4-benzyloxyphenylacetic acid and 2-bromo- 4-methoxy-5-benzyloxy-benzaldehyde 310 12.6 Synthesis of galanthamine via N-norgalanthamine and via belladine-type phenylacetamide 312 12.7 Synthesis of galanthamine via non-brominated belladine-type benzamide 313 12.8 Synthesis of galanthamine via photochemical substitution of bromine in belladine-type benzamide 314 12.9 4-Methoxybenzyl-protected intermediates for the synthesis of galanthamine. Microbiological reduction of bromo-narwedinone 315 12.10 Synthesis of enantiomeric galanthamine 316 12.11 Synthesis of galanthamine via N-formylnorbelladine derivative 317 12.12 Synthesis of phenylethylamine intermediates and galanthamine 319 12.13 Synthesis of narwedine-type enones and dienones by electrochemical oxidation of belladine-type amides 321 12.14 Synthesis of N,O-didemethyl-N-trifluoroacetylnarwedine and N-demethyl-N-trifluoroacetyl-narwedine 323 12.15 Synthesis of narwedine, galanthamine, lycoramine and sanguinine. Reactions of trimethylsilanyl-substituted narwedine-type dienone 324 12.16 Oxidative cyclisation reactions of trimethylsilanyl-substituted norbelladine-type trifluoroacetamides to benzazepine spirodienones 326 13.1 Chemical structures for galanthamine, morphine, 1-adamantyl demethyl galanthamine and pretazettine 333 13.2 Galanthamine metabolic pathway 338 14.1 Schematic representation of the action of galanthamine 357 15.1 Percentage of inhibition effect of methanol extracts from some narcissus cultivars at the concentration of 0.1mg/ml measured with the microplate assay 372 15.2 Scheme of the on-line HPLC-UV-MS-bioactivity detection for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors 373 15.3 The spectra and the chromatograms obtained after injection of the fraction from narcissus ‘Carlton’ extract into the on-line HPLC-UV-MS-bioactivity detection system 374 15.4 The spectra and the chromatograms obtained after injection of the fraction from narcissus ‘Sir Winston Churchill’ extract into the on-line HPLC-UV-MS-bioactivity detection system 375 15.5 Structure of ungiminorine and galanthamine 375 16.1 Schematic representation of the biosynthesis, processing and topogenesis of the narcissus lectin (NPA) 384 16.2 Deduced amino acid sequence of the narcissus lectin precursor encoded by cDNA clone LECNPA1. Internal sequence similarity
Page 2 and 3: Narcissus and Daffodil
Page 4 and 5: Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface to the series vii
Page 8 and 9: Preface to the series There is incr
Page 10 and 11: Preface My interest in flower-bulb
Page 12 and 13: Acknowledgements I would like to th
Page 14 and 15: Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
Page 16 and 17: Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
Page 20: Figures/Plates of different segment
Page 23 and 24: 2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
Page 25 and 26: 4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
Page 27 and 28: 3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
Page 29 and 30: 8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
Page 31 and 32: 10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
Page 33 and 34: 12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
Page 35 and 36: 14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
Page 37 and 38: 16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
Page 39 and 40: 18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
Page 41 and 42: 20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
Page 43 and 44: 22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
Page 45 and 46: 24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
Page 47 and 48: 26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
Page 49 and 50: 28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
Page 51 and 52: 3 Classification of the genus Narci
Page 53 and 54: (1) (2) (3)
Page 55 and 56: 34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
Page 57 and 58: 36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
Page 59 and 60: 38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
Page 61 and 62: 40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
Page 63 and 64: 42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
Page 65 and 66: 44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
Page 67 and 68: 46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
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50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
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64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
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Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
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70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
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234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
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236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
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238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
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240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
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8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
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244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
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9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
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260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
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262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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264 M. Kreh 2.0 flower 2 1 3 4 0 10
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266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
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268 M. Kreh fraction of Narcissus
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H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
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272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
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274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
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276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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278 R.M. Moraes Galanthamine conten
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280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
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282 R.M. Moraes years, a yield of 1
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284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
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11 Extraction and quantitative anal
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288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
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Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
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Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
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306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
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334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
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336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
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338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
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340 D. Brown were internationally i
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342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
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370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
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382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
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394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
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Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
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398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
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400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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