Narcissus and Daffodil

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Production of Narcissus bulbs 65 although the growing season is delayed, growth then takes place under higher light levels and longer days. Rees (1972) compared the growth of identical stocks of narcissus ‘Fortune’ grown in south-west and eastern England. In the southwest, emergence, anthesis and senescence occurred 2–4 weeks earlier than in the east. After planting, the rate of dry weight loss was faster in the south-west and minimum plant weight was reached sooner, presumably because of the higher soil temperatures. Although bulb weight also increased sooner in the south-west, the eventual bulb yields were higher in the east. Annual temperatures and rainfall for important bulb-growing areas are given in Figure 4.1. There are large differences between years in narcissus yield, quality and timing, much of which may be attributable to weather conditions (Hanks, 1996a). Szlachetka and Romanowska (1990) carried out long-term trials, and reported that weather conditions, especially in December, had an effect on bulb yield greater than the effect of the grade of planting material used. Where the mean monthly air temperature was above 0 °C or slightly below (–0.8 °C) and the soil was not frozen, bulb yield was high; if the temperature was below –3.6 °C and the soil was frozen, yield was decreased by 14–48%. Narcissus bulbs are generally regarded as suitable for naturalising in US climatic zones 4 (annual minimum temperature about –30 °C) to 8 (about –10 °C) (De Hertogh, 1989; De Hertogh et al., 1993). Information on the hardiness and performance of a range of cultivars is available from trials such as those described by Klingaman and Eaton (1983) and Nelson (1988). In the Netherlands and similar climates, narcissus crops are covered (e.g., with straw) to protect them from frost or other injury. In the UK, crop covers are not used, as soils seldom freeze to sufficient depths to damage bulbs of most cultivars. Tazetta narcissus cultivars are hardy in the Isles of Scilly, whereas cultivars with Tazetta parentage (e.g., ‘Têteà-Tête’) may be damaged by low temperatures in eastern England. Data are available on the cold tolerance of narcissus cultivars, although there are some discrepancies between studies, perhaps because of the different experimental techniques used (van der Valk, 1971; Sakai and Yoshie, 1984). An annual rainfall of about 100cm is considered ideal for narcissus growing. Evenly distributed rainfall favours crop growth, especially in April to June when the bulb is growing rapidly, and also facilitates bulb planting and lifting. In appropriate climates, the availability of irrigation water should be considered. Waterlogging reduces crop growth, although narcissus are not specially prone to damage and can tolerate waterlogging if the water is well aerated (Gibson, 1935). However, wet soils assist the spread of stem nematode in the soil water and in waterlogged furrows. Growing in light sandy soil with a controlled water table is the ideal bulb-growing environment, except that the spread of nematodes is favoured. In windy situations crops may be flattened, reducing yields. MacKerron and Waister (1975) investigated the effects of shelter on narcissus performance, and concluded that reducing the wind run from 164 to 118 km/day was probably not economic for increasing yields. Topography Large flat fields are the most economic to farm, while small, sloping fields present a number of practical problems (Figure 4.2). Warm sites, such as south-facing
Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather data for Falmouth (south-west England), Kirton (eastern England), Den Helder (the Netherlands) and Mt Vernon (Washington State). Data are long-term means, for at least 30 years to 1999, from Washington Post historical weather data and Horticulture Research International.
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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Page 37 and 38: 16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
Page 39 and 40: 18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
Page 41 and 42: 20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
Page 43 and 44: 22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
Page 45 and 46: 24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
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Page 49 and 50: 28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
Page 51 and 52: 3 Classification of the genus Narci
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Page 55 and 56: 34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
Page 57 and 58: 36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
Page 59 and 60: 38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
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Page 63 and 64: 42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
Page 65 and 66: 44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
Page 67 and 68: 46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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Page 71 and 72: 50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
Page 73 and 74: 52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
Page 75 and 76: 54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
Page 77 and 78: 56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
Page 79 and 80: Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
Page 81 and 82: 60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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Page 95 and 96: 74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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Page 103 and 104: 82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
Page 105 and 106: 84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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Page 109 and 110: 88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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Page 115 and 116: 94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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Page 129 and 130: 108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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Page 133 and 134: 112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
Page 135 and 136: 114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
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234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
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236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
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238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
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240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
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8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
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244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
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9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
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260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
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262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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264 M. Kreh 2.0 flower 2 1 3 4 0 10
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266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
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268 M. Kreh fraction of Narcissus
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H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
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272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
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274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
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276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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278 R.M. Moraes Galanthamine conten
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280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
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282 R.M. Moraes years, a yield of 1
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284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
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11 Extraction and quantitative anal
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288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
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Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
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Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
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306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
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334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
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336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
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338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
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340 D. Brown were internationally i
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342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
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370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
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382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
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394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
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Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
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398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
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400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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