Narcissus and Daffodil

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4 Commercial production of Narcissus bulbs Gordon R. Hanks INTRODUCTION Narcissus (daffodil) bulbs have been an important floricultural crop in western Europe since the late nineteenth century, although the bulbs have been grown in the Netherlands since the sixteenth century and Narcissus hispanicus has been cultivated in the UK for over 300 years as ‘N. maximus’ or ‘N. maximum superbus’ (Doorenbos, 1954). In a 1998 survey of consumers in the UK, daffodils were rated eighth in popularity amongst cut-flowers and achieved sixth position in value of sales, despite being relatively inexpensive and not available throughout the year (FPA, 1999). At the start of the twenty-first century, the narcissus or daffodil remains one of the major ornamental bulb crops grown in temperate regions, with large areas of field-grown crops providing both bulbs and flowers, while bulb ‘forcing’ in glasshouses provides flowers and pot-plants over an extended season. Rees (1993) estimated that the area of narcissus grown in gardens, parks, cemeteries, etc., is five-times the area grown commercially. The histories of commercial bulb growing in the UK, Netherlands and US, the major producing countries, have been described by Dobbs (1983), Krelage (1946) and Gould (1993), respectively. After a brief review of the statistics of narcissus bulb production, this chapter will describe the methods used in growing the crop. The objective is to provide clear guidance on how narcissus are grown, commenting on how the requirements of producing bulbs for processing might differ from the production of bulbs as ornamentals. Research findings will also be considered, for these may give insight into how the methods of production of narcissus as industrial crops might be varied or improved. PRODUCTION STATISTICS World production of Narcissus bulbs The areas of field-grown narcissus in the major producing countries are given in Table 4.1. Production is dominated by the UK and Netherlands, with some 4200 and 1800ha, respectively, although it should be noted that in the UK the crop is grown on a two-year-down basis so that only half the area is lifted each year. It should also be noted that, since 1996–1997, the practice in the UK has been to include statistics on narcissus grown for ornamental use only, and examination of recent figures (MAFF, 1999a) suggests that a few hundred hectares have been
54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamine production. Over 400ha are grown in the USA, and other significant areas of bulb production include Australia and Canada (British Columbia). Significant areas are also grown in Jersey (Channel Islands), although this is mainly for flower, not ‘dry bulb’, production. Tazetta narcissus bulbs are produced mainly in Israel. In general, comparisons of areas of the field-grown crops over the past 10 years show that production areas are generally stable, with a small increase (Table 4.1). However, recent trends include a significant increase in the area grown in the Republic of Ireland, while in Poland the area has decreased markedly, largely due to virus infection (Mynett, 1990). The annual output of narcissus bulbs can be estimated from the area lifted annually, the average planting density (say about 17.5 t/ha), and the average percentage Table 4.1 World production areas of field-grown Narcissus Notes a 1980s figures from Hanks (1993). b Excludes area grown for processing. c Mainly for flower production. na: not available. 1980s a 1990s Year Area (ha) Year Area (ha) Reference Australia – na 1999 200 G. Guy (personal communication) Canada (British Columbia) – na 1991 149 Gould (1993) Denmark 1982 36 – na England and Wales 1990 3972 1998 b 3808 MAFF (1999a) France 1981 21 1999 22 M. le Nard (personal communication) Germany c 1984 29 1996 14 Heinrichs (1999) Republic of Ireland 1985 26 1991 73 Heinrichs (1999) Israel 1987 144 1999 150 G. Lurie and H. Lilien-Kipnis (personal communication) Italy c 1982 80 1994 27 Heinrichs (1999) Japan 1987 28 1997 44 Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (K. Ohkawa, personal communication) Jersey c 1990 298 1998 175 Jersey Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (I.K. Norris, personal communication) Netherlands 1990 1639 1998 1756 PT/BKD (1999) New Zealand – na 1999 70 J. Catley (personal communication) Northern Ireland – na 1996 4 Department of Agriculture Northern Ireland (personal communication) Poland 1982 200 1999 50 D. Sochacki and K. Mynett (personal communication) Scotland 1987 255 1997 390 M.W. Sutton (personal communication) South Africa – na 1992 12 De Hertogh et al. (1992) USA 1989 467 1998 410 G.A. Chastagner (personal communication) Total of above 7195 7354
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
Page 23 and 24: 2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
Page 25 and 26: 4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
Page 27 and 28: 3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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Page 37 and 38: 16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
Page 39 and 40: 18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
Page 41 and 42: 20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
Page 43 and 44: 22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
Page 45 and 46: 24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
Page 47 and 48: 26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
Page 49 and 50: 28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
Page 51 and 52: 3 Classification of the genus Narci
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Page 55 and 56: 34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
Page 57 and 58: 36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
Page 59 and 60: 38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
Page 61 and 62: 40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
Page 63 and 64: 42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
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Page 71 and 72: 50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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Page 79 and 80: Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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Page 103 and 104: 82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
Page 105 and 106: 84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
Page 107 and 108: 86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
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234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
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236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
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238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
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240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
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8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
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244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
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9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
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260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
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262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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264 M. Kreh 2.0 flower 2 1 3 4 0 10
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266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
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268 M. Kreh fraction of Narcissus
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H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
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272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
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274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
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276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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278 R.M. Moraes Galanthamine conten
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280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
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282 R.M. Moraes years, a yield of 1
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284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
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11 Extraction and quantitative anal
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288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
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Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
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Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
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306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
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334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
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336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
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338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
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340 D. Brown were internationally i
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342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
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370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
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382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
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394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
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Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
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398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
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400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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Narcissus and Daffodil

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