Narcissus and Daffodil

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Folklore of Narcissus 29 Piozzi, F., Marino, M.L., Fuganti, C. and Di Martino, A. (1969) Occurrence of non-basic metabolites in Amaryllidaceae. Phytochemistry, 8, 1745–1748. Potterton, D. (editor) (1983) Culpeper’s Colour Herbal. W. Foulsham, London. Ronnington, E. and Gunderson, J.G. (1990) Identifying criteria for narcissistic behaviour personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 918–922. Scott, M. (editor) (1986) An Irish Herbal. The Botananalogia Universalis Hibernica by John K’Eogh (1681–1754). The Aquarian Press, Wellingborough. Tenney, M.C. (editor) (1967) The Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary. Revised edition. Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids. Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R. and Robbers, J.E. (1988) Pharmacognosy. 9th edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Vickery, R. (1995) A Dictionary of Plant Lore. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Woodward, M. (editor) (1990) Gerard’s Herbal. Studio Editions, London.
3 Classification of the genus Narcissus Brian Mathew CLASSIFICATION OF NARCISSUS SPECIES It is generally acknowledged that the genus Narcissus presents great taxonomic problems, and there have been numerous attempts at its classification. Some authors have taken a very wide view of the concept of each species (e.g., Webb, 1980), resulting in as few as 26 recognised species, while some (e.g., Fernandes, 1969b) have taken a very narrow view which results in the recognition of a great many species (upwards of 60), often involving a complex hierarchy of infraspecific taxa. At the generic level, some researchers have taken a narrow view of the delimitation of genera; for example, in the system devised by Haworth (1831), many of the presently accepted subgenera, sections and subsections were recognised as separate genera (e.g., Hermione for the ‘tazetta’ group, Corbularia for the ‘bulbocodium’ group, Ajax for the ‘pseudonarcissus’ group, Ganymedes for the ‘triandrus’ group, etc.). On the other hand, Herbert (1837) took a rather wider view of the genera, and reduced the 16 genera recognised by Haworth to six, while Spach (1846) went a stage further and treated many of Haworth’s genera as sections of the one genus, Narcissus. Many of the plants that had been described as species up to that time were of unknown (or garden) origin, and it was Baker (1875) who attempted to clarify the situation by considering only wild source material for his classification. All the segregate genera recognised by most of the previous authors were included by him in Narcissus, except for Tapeinanthus, which Baker regarded as sufficiently distinct to uphold at generic level; nowadays it, too, is often ‘sunk’ into Narcissus (e.g., Webb, 1980), although Cullen (1986) maintains it on the basis of the rudimentary corona and near-absence of a perianth tube. Although the status (subgenus, section, etc.) bestowed upon the individual groups may vary somewhat from author to author, as does the status of the individual taxa within the groups, the actual content of each group is similar in the various classifications. Most of the groups – most frequently referred to as sections – are fairly obvious, for example the Trumpet daffodils, the Tazettas, the Pheasant’s Eyes, the Hoop Petticoats, the Jonquils, and so on, and these are the basic divisions in the genus recognised here. It is, however, considered somewhat unsatisfactory to give all the infrageneric groupings similar status (in some recent classifications, e.g., Webb (1980), they are treated equally as sections). The classification used here is a combination and adaptation of the systems devised by previous researchers, notably those of Fernandes (1951, 1969a,b) and Webb (1980), in an attempt to
Page 2 and 3: Narcissus and Daffodil
Page 4 and 5: Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface to the series vii
Page 8 and 9: Preface to the series There is incr
Page 10 and 11: Preface My interest in flower-bulb
Page 12 and 13: Acknowledgements I would like to th
Page 14 and 15: Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
Page 16 and 17: Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
Page 18 and 19: Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
Page 20: Figures/Plates of different segment
Page 23 and 24: 2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
Page 25 and 26: 4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
Page 27 and 28: 3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
Page 29 and 30: 8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
Page 31 and 32: 10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
Page 33 and 34: 12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
Page 35 and 36: 14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
Page 37 and 38: 16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
Page 39 and 40: 18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
Page 41 and 42: 20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
Page 43 and 44: 22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
Page 45 and 46: 24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
Page 47 and 48: 26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
Page 49: 28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
Page 53 and 54: (1) (2) (3)
Page 55 and 56: 34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
Page 57 and 58: 36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
Page 59 and 60: 38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
Page 61 and 62: 40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
Page 63 and 64: 42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
Page 65 and 66: 44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
Page 67 and 68: 46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
Page 69 and 70: (1) (2) (3) (4)
Page 71 and 72: 50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
Page 73 and 74: 52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
Page 75 and 76: 54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
Page 77 and 78: 56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
Page 79 and 80: Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
Page 81 and 82: 60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
Page 83 and 84: 62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
Page 85 and 86: 64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
Page 87 and 88: Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
Page 89 and 90: 68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
Page 91 and 92: 70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
Page 93 and 94: 72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
Page 95 and 96: 74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
Page 97 and 98: 76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
Page 99 and 100: 78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
Page 101 and 102:
80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
Page 103 and 104:
82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
Page 105 and 106:
84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
Page 107 and 108:
86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
Page 109 and 110:
88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
Page 111 and 112:
90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
Page 113 and 114:
92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
Page 115 and 116:
94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
Page 117 and 118:
96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
Page 119 and 120:
98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
Page 121 and 122:
100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
Page 123 and 124:
102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
Page 125 and 126:
104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
Page 127 and 128:
106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
Page 129 and 130:
108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
Page 131 and 132:
110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
Page 133 and 134:
112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
Page 135 and 136:
114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
Page 137 and 138:
116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
Page 139 and 140:
118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
Page 141 and 142:
120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
Page 143 and 144:
122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
Page 145 and 146:
124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
Page 147 and 148:
126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
Page 149 and 150:
128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
Page 151 and 152:
130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
Page 153 and 154:
132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
Page 155 and 156:
134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
Page 157 and 158:
136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
Page 159 and 160:
138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
Page 161 and 162:
140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
Page 163 and 164:
142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
Page 165 and 166:
Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
Page 167 and 168:
Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
Page 169 and 170:
Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
Page 171 and 172:
Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
Page 173 and 174:
Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
Page 195 and 196:
Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
Page 197 and 198:
176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
Page 199 and 200:
178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
Page 201 and 202:
180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
Page 207 and 208:
186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
Page 209 and 210:
Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
Page 219 and 220:
198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
Page 221 and 222:
200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
Page 223 and 224:
202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
Page 225 and 226:
204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
Page 227 and 228:
206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
Page 229 and 230:
208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
Page 231 and 232:
210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
Page 233 and 234:
212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
Page 235 and 236:
214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
Page 237 and 238:
216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
Page 239 and 240:
218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
Page 241 and 242:
220 C. Codina they might be more su
Page 243 and 244:
222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
Page 245 and 246:
224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
Page 247 and 248:
226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
Page 249 and 250:
228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
Page 251 and 252:
230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
Page 253 and 254:
232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
Page 255 and 256:
234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
Page 257 and 258:
236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
Page 259 and 260:
238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
Page 261 and 262:
240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
Page 263 and 264:
8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
Page 265 and 266:
244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
Page 279 and 280:
258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
Page 281 and 282:
260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
Page 283 and 284:
262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
Page 285 and 286:
264 M. Kreh 2.0 flower 2 1 3 4 0 10
Page 287 and 288:
266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
Page 289 and 290:
268 M. Kreh fraction of Narcissus
Page 291 and 292:
H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
Page 293 and 294:
272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
Page 295 and 296:
274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
Page 297 and 298:
276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
Page 299 and 300:
278 R.M. Moraes Galanthamine conten
Page 301 and 302:
280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
Page 303 and 304:
282 R.M. Moraes years, a yield of 1
Page 305 and 306:
284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
Page 307 and 308:
11 Extraction and quantitative anal
Page 309 and 310:
288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
Page 319 and 320:
Table 11.1 Continued References Det
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
Page 327 and 328:
306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
Page 355 and 356:
334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
Page 357 and 358:
336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
Page 359 and 360:
338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
Page 361 and 362:
340 D. Brown were internationally i
Page 363 and 364:
342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
Page 365 and 366:
344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
Page 367 and 368:
346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
Page 369 and 370:
348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
Page 371 and 372:
350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
Page 373 and 374:
352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
Page 375 and 376:
354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
Page 377 and 378:
356 D. Brown examination of a brain
Page 379 and 380:
358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
Page 381 and 382:
Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
Page 383 and 384:
362 D. Brown statistically signific
Page 385 and 386:
364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
Page 387 and 388:
366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
Page 389 and 390:
368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
Page 391 and 392:
370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
Page 403 and 404:
382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
Page 415 and 416:
394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
Page 417 and 418:
Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
Page 419 and 420:
398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
Page 421 and 422:
400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
Page 429 and 430:
19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
Page 431 and 432:
410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
Page 433 and 434:
412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
Page 435 and 436:
414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
Page 437 and 438:
416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
Page 439 and 440:
418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
Page 441 and 442:
420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
Page 443 and 444:
422 Index Divisions (classification
Page 445 and 446:
424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
Page 447 and 448:
426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
Page 449:
428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
show all

Narcissus and Daffodil

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?