Narcissus and Daffodil

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Pharmacology of Narcissus compounds 353 Losev, N.A. and Tkachenko, E.I. (1986) The influence of N- and M-cholinomimetics and cholinoblockers on epileptogenesis of penicillin focus in dorsal hippocampus. Biulleten Eksperimentalnoi Biologii i Meditsiny (Moskva), 101 (4), 436–438. Mashkovskii, M.D. (1955) Effects of galanthamine on the acetylcholine sensitivity of skeletal muscle. Pharmacology and Toxicology, 18, 21–17 (Chemical Abstracts, 50, 9626). Mayrhofer, O. (1966) Clinical experiences with diallyl-nor-toxiferine and the curare antidote galanthamine. Southern Medical Journal, 59 (11), 1364–1368. Micov, V. and Georgiev, A. (1986) The toxicity of the combined preparation Nivalin-P. Eksperimentalna Medidtsina i Morfologiia (Sofia), 25, 28–32. Mihailova, D. and Yamboliev, I. (1986) Pharmacokinetics of galanthamine hydrobromide (Nivalin) following single intravenous and oral administration in rats. Pharmacology, 32 (6), 301–306. Mihailova, D., Yamboliev, I. and Dishovski, C. (1985) Modelling of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of nivalin in anaesthetised cats. Methods in Fundamental and Experimental Clinical Pharmacology, 11, 595–601. Mihailova, D., Yamboliev, I., Zhivkova, Z., Tencheva, J. and Jovovich, V. (1989) Pharmacokinetics of galanthamine hydrobromide after single subcutaneous and oral dosage in humans. Pharmacology, 39 (1), 50–58. Moraes-Cerdeira, R., Burandt, C.L., Bastos, J.K., Nanayakkara, N.D.P., Mikell, J., Thurn, J. and McChesney, J.D. (1997) Evaluation of four Narcissus cultivars as potential sources for galanthamine production. Planta Medica, 63 (5), 472–474. Mucke, H.A.M. (1997) Principles of therapeutics of galanthamine. Drugs of Today, 33 (4), 251–257. Nesterenko, L.N. (1964) Influence exerted by galanthamine on the acetylcholinesterase activity of various regions of the brain. Pharmacology and Toxicology, 28, 413–414. Pacheco, G., Palacois-Esquivel, R. and Moss, D.E. (1995) Cholinesterase inhibitors proposed for treating dementia in Alzheimer’s disease: selectivity toward human brain acetylcholinesterase compared with butyrylcholinesterase. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 274 (2), 767–770. Paskov, D.S. (1986) Galanthamine. In: D.A. Kharkevich (ed.), New Neuromuscular Blocking Agents, Vol. 79, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 653–672. Pernov, K., Samardjiev, A. and Nikolov, V. (1961) Treatment of muscular dystrophy with high doses of Nivalin. Cultura Medica, 21, 1–16. Pestel, M. (1961) Une nouvelle medication de la myasthenie et des dystrophies neuromusculaires. Presse Medicale (Paris), 69, 182–183. Plaitakis, A. and Duvoisin, R.C. (1983) Homer’s moly identified as Galanthus nivalis L.: physiologic antidote to stramonium poisoning. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 6 (1), 1–5. Prokurnina, N.F. and Yakovleva, J. (1952) Alkaloids of Galanthus worownii. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimiztrii, 22, 1899–1902. Rainer, M. (1997) Galanthamine in Alzheimer’s disease: a new alternative to tacrine? CNS Drugs, 7 (2), 89–97. Revelli, U. and Grasso, E. (1962) La terapia nivalinica (Galanthus nivalis) nella malattia poliomielitica. Minerva Medico, 53 (24), 881–884. Riemann, D., Gann, H., Dressing, H., Muller, W.E. and Aldenhoff, J.B. (1994) Influence of the cholinesterase inhibitor galanthamine hydrobromide on normal sleep. Psychiatry Research, 51, 253–267. Snorrason, E. (1993) A Study of the Effect of Galanthamine Hydrobromide in Patients Diagnosed with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Shire Pharmaceuticals Product Monograph G/91/01, Andover. Snorrason, E., Geirsson, A. and Stefansson, K. (1996) Trial of a selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, galanthamine hydrobromide, in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 2 (2–3), 35–54.
354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stefansson, J.G. (1991) Galanthamine hydrobromide in mania. Lancet, 337, 557. Sweeney, J.E., Bachman, E.S. and Coyle, J.T. (1990) Effects of different doses of galanthamine, a long acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, on memory in mice. Psychopharmacology, 102 (2), 191–200. Sweeney, J.E., Hohmann, C.F., Moran, T.H. and Coyle, J.T. (1988) A long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor reverses spatial memory deficits in mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour, 31 (1), 141–147. Sweeney, J.E., Puttfarcken, P.S. and Coyle, J.T. (1989) Galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor: a time course of the effects on performance and neurochemical parameters in mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour, 34 (1), 129–137. Tassonyi, E., Labancz, K., Vimlati, L. and Kiss, I. (1976) Postoperative apnoea following nivalin administration. Der Anaesthesist, 25, 529–531. Thomsen, T., Bickel, U., Fischer, J.P. and Kewitz, H. (1990a) Stereoselectivity of cholinersterase inhibition by galanthamine and tolerance in humans. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 39 (6), 603–605. Thomsen, T., Bickel, U., Fischer, J.P. and Kewitz, H. (1990b) Galanthamine hydrobromide in a long-term treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia, 1 (1), 46–51. Thomsen, T., Kaden, B., Fischer, J.P., Bickel, U., Barz, H., Gusztomy, G., Cervos-Navarro, J. and Kewitz, H. (1991a) Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in human brain tissue and erythrocytes by galanthamine, phytostigmine and tacrine. European Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 29 (8), 487–492. Thomsen, T. and Kewitz, H. (1990) Selective inhibition of human acetylcholinesterase by galanthamine in vitro and in vivo. Life Science, 46 (21), 1553–1558. Thomsen, T., Zendeh, B. and Fischer, J.P. (1991b) In vitro effects of various cholinesterase inhibitors on acety- and butyrylcholinesterase of healthy volunteers. Biochemistry and Pharmacology, 41 (1), 139–141. Tonkopii, V.D., Prozorovskii, V.B. and Suslova, I.M. (1976) Interaction of reversible inhibitors with catalytic centres and allosteric sites of cholinesterases. Bulletin of Experimental Biology in Medicine, 82, 1331–1334. Tonkopii, V.D. and Padinker, E.P. (1995) Effect of anticholinesterases on thermal denaturation of cholinesterases. Bulletin of Experimental Biology in Medicine, 86, 400–401. Umarova, S.S., Zakirov, U.B. and Kamilov, I.K. (1965) Comparative evaluation of the pharmacological action of quaternary galanthamine derivatives. Farmakologiya Alkaloidova Akademia Nauk USSR, 2, 258–263 (Chemical Abstracts, 66, 53993). Uyeo, S. and Kobayashi, S. (1953) [Untitled.] Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Tokyo), 1, 139. Vigneau, C., Tsao, J., Ducluzeau, R. and Balzot, J. (1984) Two clinical cases of daffodil poisoning. Journal of Toxicology and Medicine, 4 (1), 21–26. Vovin, R.Y., Fakturovich, A.Y., Golenkov, A.V. and Lukin, V.O. (1991) Correction of akinetic-abulic syndrome in schizophrenics using cholinotropic drugs. Zhurnal Neuropatologii i Psikhiatrii (Moskva), 91, 111–115. Westra, P., Van Thiel, M.J.S., Vermeer, G.A., Soeterbroeck, A.M., Scaf, A.H.J. and Claessens, H.A. (1986) Pharmacokinetics of galanthamine (a long acting anticholinesterase drug) in anaesthetised patients. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 58 (11), 1303–1307. Wislicki, L. (1967) Nivalin (galanthamine hydrobromide), an additional decurarizing agent. Some introductory observations. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 39 (12), 963–968. Yonkov, D.I. and Georgiev, V.P. (1990) Cholinergic influence on memory facilitation induced by angiotensin II in rats. Neuroleptics, 16, 157–162.
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
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16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
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18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
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20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
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22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
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24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
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26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
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28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
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3 Classification of the genus Narci
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(1) (2) (3)
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34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
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36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
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38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
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40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
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42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
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44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
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46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
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50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
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64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
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Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
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70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
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234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
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236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
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238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
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240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
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8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
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244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
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9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
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260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
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262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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264 M. Kreh 2.0 flower 2 1 3 4 0 10
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266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
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268 M. Kreh fraction of Narcissus
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H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
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272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
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274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
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276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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278 R.M. Moraes Galanthamine conten
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280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
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282 R.M. Moraes years, a yield of 1
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284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
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11 Extraction and quantitative anal
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288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
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Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
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Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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Page 323 and 324: 302 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
Page 325 and 326: 12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
Page 327 and 328: 306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
Page 353 and 354: 13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
Page 355 and 356: 334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
Page 357 and 358: 336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
Page 359 and 360: 338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
Page 361 and 362: 340 D. Brown were internationally i
Page 363 and 364: 342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
Page 365 and 366: 344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
Page 367 and 368: 346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
Page 369 and 370: 348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
Page 371 and 372: 350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
Page 373: 352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
Page 377 and 378: 356 D. Brown examination of a brain
Page 379 and 380: 358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
Page 381 and 382: Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
Page 383 and 384: 362 D. Brown statistically signific
Page 385 and 386: 364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
Page 387 and 388: 366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
Page 389 and 390: 368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
Page 391 and 392: 370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
Page 401 and 402: 16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
Page 403 and 404: 382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
Page 413 and 414: 17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
Page 415 and 416: 394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
Page 417 and 418: Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
Page 419 and 420: 398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
Page 421 and 422: 400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
Page 423 and 424: 402 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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404 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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