Narcissus and Daffodil

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Production of Narcissus bulbs 67 slopes, may favour the development of bulb rots, while nearby shelter (hedges, etc.) may favour the survival of large narcissus fly. Nearby bulbs in gardens, field margins, etc., may also act as a source of infection of large narcissus fly. Sloping sites can potentially give rise to problems with surface run-off of pesticides. At the present time, pesticide applications are an essential part of narcissus husbandry, and topography and soil type may have an effect on pesticide run-off. Field operations associated with growing narcissus, potatoes, etc., often result in the movement of turbid water, and soil-rich run-off from ill timed operations Figure 4.2 Typical narcissus fields of south Lincolnshire (top) and old daffodil beds on St. Marys, Isles of Scilly (bottom) (Photographs: Horticulture Research International and Andrew Tompsett, respectively).
68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural erosion) on sloping sites can move pesticide residues into watercourses. Concentration of pesticides has been recorded in colluvium and in the sediment of surface pools where the watertable was high (Harrod et al., 1991; Harrod and Rickson, 1994). Soil Silts or very fine sandy loams are ideal for narcissus growing. In the UK, bulbs are grown successfully on a variety of silt, silt loam, brick-earth and peat soils. In the Netherlands, narcissus were traditionally grown in sandy soil and it was once considered that bulb quality could not be maintained on heavy silt clay soils (de Vroomen and de Groot, 1991). However, they are now grown on the heavier polders, factors involved including the pressure on prime agricultural land and the need, on sandy soils with a high water content, to practice regular soil sterilisation to control nematodes. There have been few comparisons of growth in different soil types, although Szlachetka (1976) reported better narcissus growth in light black-earth soils than in heavy alluvial soils. It has been reported that narcissus bulbs were larger and more susceptible to base rot when grown on peat, rather than mineral, soils (ADAS, 1982a). According to ADAS (1985a), bulb soils should be deep, fertile, well drained and moisture retentive (water holding capacity >40 mm per 300 mm depth), while the level of organic matter should be >3% and the pH value should generally be between 6.0 and 7.5. In the bulb growing areas of eastern England, typical mineral soils have 2.5–3.0% organic matter, while peat soils may have up to 25% (J.B. Briggs, personal communication). Weed control is difficult in highly organic soils. Narcissus bulbs are susceptible to poor growth due to compaction (De Haan and van der Valk, 1971). Although the observed root spread of narcissus was similar in different soil types, it was low in comparison with tulips, so a good soil structure is needed (Rees, 1972). Heavy soils, stones and clods can damage bulbs and make lifting difficult, requiring the use of stone and clod removers. In ‘sticky’ soils it may be difficult to produce soil-free bulbs unless bulbs are washed, a process which spreads diseases and creates disposal problems (ADAS, 1987). Crop rotation and site history Crop rotation should aim to maintain a good soil structure and reduce pest, disease and weed problems. Leys, peas, barley or early potatoes often form part of the rotation with narcissus. Preceding crops leaving a high residue (e.g., cauliflowers) should be avoided, as high levels of soil nitrogen may encourage basal rot (Hanks et al., 1998a). Rotations should allow adequate time for soil preparation before bulb planting. Narcissus should not follow crops treated with sulphonylurea herbicides, which can cause morphological damage (Greenfield, 1987). With ‘two-year-down’ growing, foliar fungal diseases generally become a problem in the second year, so first- and second-year narcissus crops should not be planted adjacent to each other (Melville, 1980). At least four years should elapse between growing narcissus in a rotation, or six years where stem nematode has been found. In sandy soils, deep ploughing
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
Page 37 and 38: 16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
Page 39 and 40: 18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
Page 41 and 42: 20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
Page 43 and 44: 22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
Page 45 and 46: 24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
Page 47 and 48: 26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
Page 49 and 50: 28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
Page 51 and 52: 3 Classification of the genus Narci
Page 53 and 54: (1) (2) (3)
Page 55 and 56: 34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
Page 57 and 58: 36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
Page 59 and 60: 38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
Page 61 and 62: 40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
Page 63 and 64: 42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
Page 65 and 66: 44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
Page 67 and 68: 46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
Page 69 and 70: (1) (2) (3) (4)
Page 71 and 72: 50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
Page 73 and 74: 52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
Page 75 and 76: 54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
Page 77 and 78: 56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
Page 79 and 80: Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
Page 81 and 82: 60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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Page 87: Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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Page 95 and 96: 74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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Page 101 and 102: 80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
Page 103 and 104: 82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
Page 105 and 106: 84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
Page 107 and 108: 86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
Page 109 and 110: 88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
Page 111 and 112: 90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
Page 113 and 114: 92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
Page 115 and 116: 94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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Page 119 and 120: 98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
Page 121 and 122: 100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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Page 129 and 130: 108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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Page 133 and 134: 112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
Page 135 and 136: 114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
Page 137 and 138: 116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
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234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
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236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
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238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
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240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
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8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
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244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
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9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
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260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
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262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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264 M. Kreh 2.0 flower 2 1 3 4 0 10
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266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
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268 M. Kreh fraction of Narcissus
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H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
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272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
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274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
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276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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278 R.M. Moraes Galanthamine conten
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280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
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282 R.M. Moraes years, a yield of 1
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284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
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11 Extraction and quantitative anal
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288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
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Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
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Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
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306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
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334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
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336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
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338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
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340 D. Brown were internationally i
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342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
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370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
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382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
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394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
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Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
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398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
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400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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