Narcissus and Daffodil

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Folklore of Narcissus 21 is the giving of red roses as a sign of love. In this tradition, the daffodil is for rebuttal in domestic situations: ‘I do not share your feelings’. However, in battle emblems the daffodil is for regard and chivalry (Greenaway and Marsh, 1978; Pickles, 1990). DERIVATION OF THE NAME DAFFODIL There are a number of thoughts on how the name daffodil came into being. The popular English names daffodowndilly, daffodily and affodily may be corruptions of asphodel, since the daffodil was thought to be identical with the blossoms mentioned by the ancient Greeks. Another school of thought is that the name comes from the Mediaeval Latin affodilus, Latin asphodilus or Greek asphodelus, which was the name of that plant which grew across the meadows of the underworld and belonged to Persephone, the Queen of Hell (Grigson, 1996). Pliny describes the narcissus as ‘narce narcissum dictum, non a fabuloso puero’, which translated means ‘named narcissus from narce, not from the fabulous boy’. The Greek narkao, meaning to be numb, originates in the narcotic properties of the plant (Genders, 1985). The popularity of the daffodil in the British Isles is attested by the large number of common names used in various parts of the country (Dony et al., 1986; Grigson, 1996; Grieve, 1998). These include: Popular name Place Affodil, Affrodil Cheshire Bell-Flowers Dorset and Somerset Bell-Rose Somerset Butter and Eggs Devon, Somerset and Northampton Churn Lancashire Cowslip Devon Cuckoo-Rose Devon and Somerset Daffodil England, Scotland, Ireland Daffydowndilly Somerset Daffy-down-dilly Somerset Daffydilly Northamptonshire Dillydaffs Somerset Easter Lily Devon and Somerset Easter Rose Somerset Fairy Bells Dorset False Narcissus Devon Fleur de Coucou Devon Garden Narcissus Devon Giggary Devon Gylfinog Wales Gold Bells Wiltshire Golden Trumpets Somerset Gooseflop Somerset Goose-Leek Isle of Man Gracie Daisies Devon and Somerset Gracie Day Devon Hen and Chickens Devon Hoop Petticoats Dorset Jonquil Hertfordshire
22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire King’s Spear Somerset Lady’s Ruffles Wiltshire Lent-Cocks Devon and Somerset Lent-Lily Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Isle of Wight, Gloucestershire, Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Suffolk, Warwickshire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Westmoreland Lent Pitchers Devon and Somerset Lent-Rosen Devon and Somerset Lents Cornwall, Devon, Lancashire Lenty Cups Somerset Lent Lily Cornwall Lily Scotland Narcissus Norfolk Porillon Norfolk Queen Anne’s Flowers Norfolk St Peter’s Bell Wales Sun-Sonnets Somerset Whit Sunday Devon Wild Daffodil Yorkshire Wild Jonquil Yorkshire Yellow Maidens Somerset Fleur d’asphodèle France Pauvres filles de Sainte Claire France MYTHOLOGY AND LEGEND According to Culpeper’s Herbal (Potterton, 1983), yellow daffodils are under the dominion of Mars. Daffodil flowers, though beautiful to the sight, leave a feeling of sadness when the history and folklore of the plant is examined. In classical mythology there was a handsome Greek shepherd boy named Narcissus. Though he was loved by all the wood nymphs, there was one called Echo who loved him more than the rest. Unfortunately, she could not tell him of her love, because she was only able to repeat his last words. It comes as no surprise to learn that Narcissus was totally unaware of Echo’s love and adoration for him. He was equally unaware of the pain and suffering that his ignorance of her love was causing her. Echo became thinner and thinner as her love robbed her of her appetite, until she slowly pined away to nothing more than a spirit who took sanctuary in the mountains. Only her soft voice remained. Venus, the goddess of love, came to hear of Echo’s hopeless devotion and immediately assigned the blame for her condition on Narcissus, who she decided should be punished. One day Narcissus was hunting in the forest. Little did he know that Venus had arranged with Cupid to set a magic spell on him so that he would fall in love with the first person that he saw. Coming to a crystal clear pool he stopped for a cooling drink to assuage his thirst and there in the water he saw another face rise up to meet his own as he leant over. Narcissus immediately succumbed to Cupid’s spell and fell in love. Again and again he tried to catch the face of the spirit who appeared to live in the water. In vain he called
Page 2 and 3: Narcissus and Daffodil
Page 4 and 5: Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface to the series vii
Page 8 and 9: Preface to the series There is incr
Page 10 and 11: Preface My interest in flower-bulb
Page 12 and 13: Acknowledgements I would like to th
Page 14 and 15: Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
Page 16 and 17: Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
Page 18 and 19: Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
Page 20: Figures/Plates of different segment
Page 23 and 24: 2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
Page 25 and 26: 4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
Page 27 and 28: 3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
Page 29 and 30: 8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
Page 31 and 32: 10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
Page 33 and 34: 12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
Page 35 and 36: 14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
Page 37 and 38: 16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
Page 39 and 40: 18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
Page 41: 20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
Page 45 and 46: 24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
Page 47 and 48: 26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
Page 49 and 50: 28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
Page 51 and 52: 3 Classification of the genus Narci
Page 53 and 54: (1) (2) (3)
Page 55 and 56: 34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
Page 57 and 58: 36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
Page 59 and 60: 38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
Page 61 and 62: 40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
Page 63 and 64: 42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
Page 65 and 66: 44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
Page 67 and 68: 46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
Page 69 and 70: (1) (2) (3) (4)
Page 71 and 72: 50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
Page 73 and 74: 52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
Page 75 and 76: 54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
Page 77 and 78: 56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
Page 79 and 80: Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
Page 81 and 82: 60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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Page 85 and 86: 64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
Page 87 and 88: Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
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234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
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236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
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238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
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240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
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8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
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244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
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9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
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260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
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262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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264 M. Kreh 2.0 flower 2 1 3 4 0 10
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266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
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268 M. Kreh fraction of Narcissus
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H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
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272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
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274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
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276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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278 R.M. Moraes Galanthamine conten
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280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
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282 R.M. Moraes years, a yield of 1
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284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
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11 Extraction and quantitative anal
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288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
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Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
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Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
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306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
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334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
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336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
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338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
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340 D. Brown were internationally i
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342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
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370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
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382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
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394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
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Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
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398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
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400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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Narcissus and Daffodil

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