Narcissus and Daffodil

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Figure 9.1 Narcissus ‘Carlton’. Galanthamine extraction 259 CONTENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF GALANTHAMINE IN NARCISSUS ‘CARLTON’ THROUGH THE YEAR It is obvious from the growth pattern of narcissus that the amount of plant material available for galanthamine extraction varies greatly through the year, so it was presumed that galanthamine content within the plant might also vary during the year. It was already known that bulbs of narcissus harvested in March had significantly lower anti-tumour activity than bulbs from the same variety harvested between July and December (Fitzgerald et al., 1958). To determine if there is an optimum time for the extraction of ‘Carlton’ bulbs for galanthamine, bulbs were planted in the old botanical garden of Marburg University. Over a twelve month period, samples were taken up to twice per week and tested for alkaloid and galanthamine content. The key developmental dates for these plants were: Bulbs planted: 27 September First leaves emerged: 24 February Start of flowering: 30 March Crop in full flower: 19 April Capsule dehiscence: 20 June Leaves died down: 18 August Using a large number of samples and with HPLC as a highly specific analytical technique, significant results were obtained. Besides the quantitative determination of galanthamine content, analytical HPLC gave very informative findings in
260 M. Kreh relation to the qualitative and quantitative composition of the other alkaloids extracted. Galanthamine content of the bulb Figure 9.2 shows the content of galanthamine in the bulb of Narcissus ‘Carlton’. Galanthamine content decreased slightly over the first few samples (in November). Three months after planting, galanthamine content increased over about four Figure 9.2 Galanthamine content of bulbs of Narcissus ‘Carlton’ over one year. Upper curve calculated on a dry weight basis; lower curve calculated on a fresh weight basis.
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
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16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
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18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
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20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
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22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
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24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
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26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
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28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
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3 Classification of the genus Narci
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(1) (2) (3)
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34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
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36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
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38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
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40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
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42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
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44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
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46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
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50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
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64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
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Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
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70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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Page 257 and 258: 236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
Page 259 and 260: 238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
Page 261 and 262: 240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
Page 263 and 264: 8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
Page 265 and 266: 244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
Page 277 and 278: 9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
Page 279: 258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
Page 283 and 284: 262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
Page 285 and 286: 264 M. Kreh 2.0 flower 2 1 3 4 0 10
Page 287 and 288: 266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
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Page 291 and 292: H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
Page 293 and 294: 272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
Page 295 and 296: 274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
Page 297 and 298: 276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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Page 305 and 306: 284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
Page 307 and 308: 11 Extraction and quantitative anal
Page 309 and 310: 288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
Page 317 and 318: Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
Page 319 and 320: Table 11.1 Continued References Det
Page 325 and 326: 12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
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Page 329 and 330: 308 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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310 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
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334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
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336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
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338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
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340 D. Brown were internationally i
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342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
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370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
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382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
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394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
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Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
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398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
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400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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