Narcissus and Daffodil

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Chronic fatigue syndrome, 25, 346, 416 Chronotropic, 185 Classified Lists, 50, 62 Climate, 64ff Clivia, 163, 390 CNS toxicity, 349 Cognitive function and memory, 337, 361, 416, 418 Colchicine, 215 Colchicum, 215, 226 Cold hardiness, 65 Cold period (cold requirement), 2, 4, 14, 60 Collar daffodils, 47, 49 Colour code, 47, 50 Commercial floriculture, 1ff, 11, 53, 80, 242ff, 246ff, 276 Common Agricultural Policy, 135 Common names of daffodils, 21 Complexion, 412 Composted waste, 71 Concrete, 397 Conspectus, 34ff Consumer tastes, 59 Consumption (eating), 26f, 184, 347, 407 Contraceptive, 26 Cooperanthes, 244 Corbularia, 30 Corona (paracorolla, trumpet or cup), 1, 13 Cortisol levels, 348 Cosmeceuticals, 411 Cosmetics, 410f, 418 Costs; bulb growing, 136ff; capital, 137ff; fixed, 135ff Cover crops, 85f Criglaucine, 290 Crinamidine, 295 Crinine, 142, 168f, 290, 295 Crinine/haemanthamine-type alkaloids, 168ff, 178, 181 Crinum, 244, 288ff, 294f, Criwelline, 182 Crohn’s Disease, 414 Crop; covers, 65, 85f; duration, 11, 53, 73, 79ff, 105ff, 132f; inspection, 90; rotation, 68f, 280 Crop handling; bulbs, 404, 406; flowers, 401, 407 Crops, common, 134 Cross-cutting (propagation), 106 Crusades, 24 Cultivars, 31, 47, 49, 57, 59, 62, 102, 275f, 280, 381; choice, 57; collections, 62; double, 13, 49; dwarf, 76f, 82, 100; groups, 57, 289; most grown, 57ff; trials, 62 Cultivars (names); Carlton, 11, 59, 61, 85, 102, 257, 271, 289, 375, 385, 408; Cheerfulness, 59, 279f; Deanna Durbin, Index 421 166; Dutch Master, 59; Fortune, 10, 59, 65, 248f, 257, 388; Geranium, 279f; Gigantic Star, 257; Golden Harvest, 11, 59, 61, 85, 102f; Hawera, 88; Ice Follies, 59, 249, 257, 279ff; Inglescombe, 276ff, 282; King Alfred, 10, 163, 166f, 169, 405; Mount Hood, 279; Odorus Rugulosus, 245; Princeps, 405; Sempre Avanti, 166; Sir Winston Churchill, 376; Soleil d’Or, 42, 99, 105, 405; St. Keverne, 102; Tête-à-Tête, 58, 59, 65, 77, 85ff, 100, 106; Texas, 163; Ziva, 99 Curare, 342 Cut-flowers, phytotoxic effects, 405, 408 Cyclamineus narcissus, 31, 57, 74, 100 Cytogenetics, 102 Cytokinins, 4, 197, 218ff Cytology, 31 Cytotoxic, 185 Daffodil itch or rash, 401, 404f Daffodil, derivation of name, 21f Damage to bulbs/crops; flower cropping, 87; formaldehyde, 61, 75; herbicides, 61, 87; hot-water treatment, 60, 75ff; mechanical, 61, 97 Datura stramonium, 334 Daughter bulbs, 5 Daylength, 14 Deer-repellant, 411 Defoliation, 91f De-heading (flower removal), 88f, 279 Dehydrogenase activity, 196 Demethylgalanthamine, 287, 291, 341, 350 Demethylgalanthamine carbamates, 282 Demethylgalanthamine glucuronide, 341 Demethyl-lycoramine, 277, 282 Demethylmasonine, 258 Demethylnarwedine, 170, 282 Deoxynarciclasine, 295 Deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasine, 294 Depression, 417 Dermatitis, 26, 407 Desiccants, 92 Detectors; electron impact, 288, 290; flame ionization, 299; nitrogen phosphorus, 299; ultra-violet, 289, 291, 293f, 299 Dextromoramide, 345 Diacetyl-10-norpluviine, 258 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 216 Dichloropropene, 70 Dihydrolycorine, 243, 274 Dimethylnorbelladine, 171, 308 Disease diagnostics, 69 Diseases (general), 60ff, 83 Disinfectants, 72, 75 Disorders (plant and flower), 60ff Ditylenchus dipsaci (see stem nematode)
422 Index Divisions (classification), 47ff Donepezil, 359 Dormancy, 2, 4, 59f, 276ff Down’s syndrome, 416 Drugs (general), 280, 341, 345, 416 Dysentry, 26 Dysmenorrhoea, 345 Eastern Europe, 273, 335, 341ff, 410 Ecology, 2 Economics of bulb production, 69, 131ff Electrodiagnostic methods, 417 Electro-encephalography, 337, 339 Electrophoresis, 294 Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), 384 ELISA testing, 64 Embrocation, 26 Emetic, 26, 185 Enantiomers, 412ff Endangered species, 1, 27 Endomycorrhizal fungi, 71 Enfleurage, 394 Environmental implications, 100 Enzyme immunoassay, 276, 293, 337, 372, 385, 390 Epigalanthamine, 269, 291, 305, 339ff, 413, 415 Epihaemanthamine, 168 Epilepsy, 26 Epilycorine, 180 Erectile dysfunction, 410, 418 Erysipelas, 26 Essential oils, 185 Ethylene, 4, 12, 15, 97, 226, 408 Eumerus spp. (see small narcissus flies), 60 European Union, 56, 63, 135, 137 Eustephia yuyuensis, 244 Exports; bulbs, 56f, 63; cut-flowers, 57 Facial erythema, 407 Facial neuralgia, 345 Facial paralysis, 344f Fatigue syndromes, 273, 416 Feeding experiments, 163, 165, 168 Fenamiphos, 85 Fertilisers and recommendations, 70ff, 263 Fibonacci series, 7 Field operations, 69ff, 86ff, 90f, Financial returns, 131 Fire (disease), 61, 87, 89 Flailing, 92 Flooding, 101 Flower; abnormalities, 13; cropping, 55, 88; development, 11, 13, 60, 74; flower foods, 404; forcing (glasshouse), 2, 12, 64, 75f, 88, 94; formation, 12; initiation, 11, 60; numbers, 11, 91; pickers/ gatherers, 394, 401, 403, 405, 407; sales, 132; stalk, 4, 13 Flowering (anthesis), 2ff Flowers, 4f, 10, 13 Fluazinam, 407 Fluorometric methods, 291, 293ff, 299, 373 Foliar diseases, 87 Folk medicine, 26f Folklore, 19ff, 410 Food shortage, 27 Food use, 27 Formaldehyde, formalin, 75f, 88, 94 Formylgalanthamine, 290 Formylnorbelladine, 317 Formylnorgalanthamine, 215ff Fortucine, 248 Fragrances, 410f, 418 Freezing stress, 99 Frost, 61 Fumigation, 72 Fungal diseases (plant), 61, 72, 81 Fungal diseases (skin), 412 Fungi, antagonistic, 72ff, 101 Fungicides, 61, 76, 87, 91, 94ff, 134, 407 Fusarium oxysporum (see basal rot) Galanthamine, 25, 141f, 171f, 186, 195, 215ff, 334ff, 371ff, 412f; absorption, 338; accumulation, 217ff, 247f, 339; adamantyl ester, 274, 282, 350; analogues, 244, 282, 410, 415ff; biosynthesis, 171; clinical trials, 335, 341, 343, 357ff; content, 247; crystallization, 267; decomposition, 288, 299; derivatives, 196, 244, 274, 349; distribution, 336; dose, 281; drug delivery, 338, 414f; drying for extraction, 248; excretion, 336, 338ff; extraction, 108, 110, 248ff, 256ff, 264, 279, 282, 286ff, 342, 394, 408f; extraction artefacts, 178, 268; extraction emulsions, 287; extraction pH, 267; extraction solvents, 266, 268, 287, 395; isolation, 269; measurement, 249, 293ff; metabolism, 339ff; precursors, 163; price, 274; production, 54, 59, 196, 215ff, 247ff, 256ff, 273ff, 340, 372, 413; safety data, 349; side-effects, 215, 346, 349f, 359, 361, 365; sources, 242ff, 275ff; structure, 306; supply and demand, 274; synthesis, 110, 196, 215, 256, 274, 304ff, 342, 350, 367, 372, 412; tolerance, 343 Galanthamine content, 244, 248, 256ff, 286ff, 411; agronomic factors, 273ff; bulb development, 276; environment, 280; fertilizers, 262; plant parts, 261; yearly fluctuations, 248, 269 Galanthamine hydrobromide, 195, 242, 249, 268, 281, 304, 337, 360, 372, 413f
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
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16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
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18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
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20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
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22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
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24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
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26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
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28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
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3 Classification of the genus Narci
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(1) (2) (3)
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34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
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36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
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38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
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40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
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42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
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44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
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46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
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50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
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64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
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Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
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70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
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234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
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236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
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238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
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240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
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8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
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244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
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9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
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260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
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262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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264 M. Kreh 2.0 flower 2 1 3 4 0 10
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266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
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268 M. Kreh fraction of Narcissus
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H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
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272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
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274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
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276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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278 R.M. Moraes Galanthamine conten
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280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
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282 R.M. Moraes years, a yield of 1
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284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
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11 Extraction and quantitative anal
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288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
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Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
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Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
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306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
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334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
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336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
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338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
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340 D. Brown were internationally i
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342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
Page 391 and 392: 370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
Page 401 and 402: 16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
Page 403 and 404: 382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
Page 413 and 414: 17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
Page 415 and 416: 394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
Page 417 and 418: Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
Page 419 and 420: 398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
Page 421 and 422: 400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
Page 427 and 428: 406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
Page 429 and 430: 19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
Page 431 and 432: 410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
Page 433 and 434: 412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
Page 435 and 436: 414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
Page 437 and 438: 416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
Page 439 and 440: 418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
Page 441: 420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
Page 445 and 446: 424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
Page 447 and 448: 426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
Page 449: 428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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