Narcissus and Daffodil

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Narcissus lectins 381 This chapter will focus on the lectins present in different species and cultivars of Narcissus (daffodil). As will be shown below, narcissus lectin has been studied in detail and is shown to be a typical representative of the family of monocot mannosebinding lectins. After a brief description of the occurrence of the lectin in different Narcissus species and cultivars and the purification of the lectins therefrom, the most important findings on the molecular characteristics, carbohydrate-binding properties and biological activities of the narcissus lectin will be summarised. Furthermore, we will elaborate on the possible function of the lectin in planta as well as on possible applications of the lectin in biomedical and glycoconjugate research. Finally, a comparison of the narcissus lectin to other known plant lectins will be made. OCCURRENCE OF LECTINS IN DIFFERENT NARCISSUS SPECIES AND CULTIVARS The occurrence, isolation and characterisation of a lectin in bulbs of Narcissus was first described in 1988 (Van Damme et al., 1988). Since then lectin activity has been detected in more than 25 species and varieties of Narcissus (Table 16.1; Van Damme and Peumans, 1990a). Table 16.1 Narcissus Species and Cultivars with Lectin Activity a Botanical species, etc Narcissus × medioluteus (N. biflorus) N. bulbocodium subsp. bulbocodium var. conspicuus N. jonquilla N. nanus (N. lobularis) N. × maclaeyi N. moschatus N. nanus N. obvallaris N. poeticus var. physaloides N. pumilus N. poeticus var. recurvus N. tazetta Cultivars derived wholly or partly from: N. poeticus: ‘Glory of Lisse’ ‘Horace’ ‘Ornatus’ (N. ornatus) N. cyclamineus: ‘Bartley’ ‘Peeping Tom’ N. jonquilla: ‘Bobbysoxer’ ‘Rugulosus’ (N. odorus rugulosus) N. pseudonarcissus: ‘Carlton’ ‘Codlins and Cream’ ‘Colleen Bawn’ ‘Empress’ ‘Queen of Spain’ ‘W.P. Milner’ Other: ‘Double Campernelle’ Note a Van Damme and Peumans (1990a); names in parenthesis are synonyms.
382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peumans PURIFICATION OF NARCISSUS LECTINS Since preliminary experiments with crude extracts from Narcissus indicated that they contained an agglutinating factor that can be inhibited only by mannose, a purification scheme based on affinity chromatography on immobilised mannose was developed to purify the lectin. Although the affinity purified lectin was virtually pure, as could be judged from sodium dodecyl sulphate – polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), additional hydrophobic interactions chromatography and ion exchange chromatography were included to ensure complete purity of the lectin (Van Damme et al., 1988). The same protocol was used to purify the lectin from different species and cultivars of Narcissus. Furthermore, the protocol was also applicable for the purification of the lectin from different tissues of narcissus, e.g., bulbs, leaves and ovaries. CHARACTERISATION OF NARCISSUS LECTINS Molecular structure The molecular structure of narcissus lectin was determined using SDS-PAGE, gel filtration and ultracentrifugation. Upon SDS-PAGE the lectins isolated from all Narcissus species and cultivars yielded a single polypeptide band of 12.5 kDa. Since the results were identical when electrophoresis was conducted either in the presence or absence of β-mercaptoethanol, it can be concluded that the lectin subunits are not held together by disulphide bonds (Van Damme et al., 1988). Gel filtration experiments on a Superose 12 column using a phosphate buffer containing 0.2 M mannose (to avoid binding of the lectin to the matrix) demonstrated that the lectins isolated from narcissus elute with an apparent molecular mass of 25 kDa, indicating that they are probably dimers. Because aspecific interactions of lectins with the gel filtration matrix often occur and cannot be abolished completely by the addition of the specific sugar to the running buffer, the molecular mass was also determined by ultracentrifugation of the lectins. Since the molecular mass of the lectin was calculated to be 36 kDa after centrifugation, the lectin may be a trimer (Van Damme et al., 1995). It should be indicated here that all lectins isolated from different species and cultivars of Narcissus show the same molecular structure and biochemical characteristics (E. Van Damme, unpublished data). Detailed analyses of the narcissus lectins have shown that the amino acid composition of these lectins is typified by high contents of asparagine/aspartic acid, threonine, glycine, serine, glutamine/glutamic acid and leucine. The lectins contained no amino sugar and only low levels of neutral sugars, most probably contaminants, indicating that the lectins are not glycosylated (Van Damme et al., 1988, 1991a). Narcissus lectins are complex mixtures of isolectins When the purified lectins from different Narcissus species were analysed by high resolution ion exchange chromatography it became evident that they all yielded a
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
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16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
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18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
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20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
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22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
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24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
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26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
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28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
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3 Classification of the genus Narci
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(1) (2) (3)
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34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
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36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
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38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
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40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
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42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
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44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
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46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
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50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
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64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
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Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
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70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
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234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
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236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
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238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
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240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
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8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
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244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
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9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
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260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
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262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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264 M. Kreh 2.0 flower 2 1 3 4 0 10
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266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
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268 M. Kreh fraction of Narcissus
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H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
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272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
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274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
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276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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278 R.M. Moraes Galanthamine conten
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280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
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282 R.M. Moraes years, a yield of 1
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284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
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11 Extraction and quantitative anal
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288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
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Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
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Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
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306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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Page 363 and 364: 342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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Page 377 and 378: 356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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Page 383 and 384: 362 D. Brown statistically signific
Page 385 and 386: 364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
Page 387 and 388: 366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
Page 389 and 390: 368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
Page 391 and 392: 370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
Page 401: 16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
Page 405 and 406: 384 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
Page 413 and 414: 17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
Page 415 and 416: 394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
Page 417 and 418: Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
Page 419 and 420: 398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
Page 421 and 422: 400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
Page 427 and 428: 406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
Page 429 and 430: 19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
Page 431 and 432: 410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
Page 433 and 434: 412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
Page 435 and 436: 414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
Page 437 and 438: 416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
Page 439 and 440: 418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
Page 441 and 442: 420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
Page 443 and 444: 422 Index Divisions (classification
Page 445 and 446: 424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
Page 447 and 448: 426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
Page 449: 428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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Narcissus and Daffodil

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