Narcissus and Daffodil

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Narcissus patents 417 Carlsson, J.A. and Shieh, W. (1995) Preparation of (–)-galanthamine by reduction of (–)-narwedine. US Patent No. 5,428,159. Chaplin, D.A., Fraser, N. and Tiffin, P.D. (1997a) New galanthamine derivatives. International Patent No. WO 97/11,077. Chaplin, D.A., Johnson, N.B., Paul, J.M. and Potter, G.A. (1997b) Asymmetric transformation of racemic narwedine followed by reduction. International Patent No. WO 97/45,431. Chimiko Pharmazetitschen Zavod (1968) Galanthamine hydrobromide. Belgian Patent No. 588,210. Christen, Y., Guillon, C., Mary, A., Potier, P., Renko, D. and Thal, C. (1997) New galanthamine derivatives with cholinesterase inhibitory activity. International Patent No. WO 97/03, 987. Czollner, L., Froehlich, J., Jordis, U. and Kueenburg, B. (1995) Production of new or known galanthamine compounds. Austrian Patent No. 9,401,980. Czollner, L., Froehlich, J., Jordis, U. and Kueenberg, B. (1996) Preparation of galanthamine derivatives for Alzheimer’s treatment. International Patent No. WO 96/12,692. Czollner, L., Froehlich, J., Jordis, U. and Kueenberg, B. (1997) New benzapine galanthamine analogues and di:aza-bi:cycloalkane(s). International Patent No. WO 97/40,049. Davis, B. (1987) Galanthamine administration. US Patent No. 4,663,318. Davis, B.M. (1996) A method of alleviating the effects of jetlag. International Patent No. WO 96/01,113. Davis, B.M. (1999) Treating disorders of attention, e.g. Attention Deficit Disorder or Tourette’s Syndrome. International Patent No. WO 99/21,561. Davis, B. and Goodman, M. (1994) Sustained release composition for oral treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Canadian Patent No. 1,326,632. Davis, B. and Joullie, M. (1988) Treating Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. International Patent No. WO 88/080,708. Davis, L., Kosley, L.W., Taberna, V. and Kosley, R.J. (1995a) New 6-O-demethyl-galanthamine derivatives. European Patent No. 648,771. Davis, L., Kosley, R.W., Taberna, V. and Kosley, R.J. (1995b) New galanthamine derivatives. European Patent No. 653,427. Davis, L., Kosley, R.W., Taberna, V. and Kosley, R.J. (1995c) Galanthamine compounds active as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. European Patent No. 649,846. De Conde, V.F.V. and Gilis, P.M.V. (1997) Fast-dissolving galanthamine hydrobromide tablet. International Patent No. WO 97/47,304. Deurer, L. and Hille, T. (1994) Transdermal system for administration of galanthamine. German Patent No. 4,301,783. Dyer, U.C., McCague, R. and Paul, J.M. (1996) Preparation of enantio-enriched galanthamine derivatives. International Patent No. WO 96/31,453. Fischer, W., Sendl-Lang, A. and Zeh-Herwerth, D. (1998) Transdermal therapeutic system containing pergolide. German Patent No. 19,626,621. Forrest, J., Muller, W. and Stewart, D. (1991) New mannose-specific lectin. International Patent No. WO 91/06,311. Frantsits, W. and Mucke, M.A.H. (1997) Use of galanthamine. Austrian Patent No. 9,600,149. Grelan Pharmaceutical Co. (1972) Galanthamine derivatives preparation. Japanese Patent No. 72,046,079. Grelan Pharmaceutical Co. (1975) Sprio-benzazepines preparation by reduction of corresponding lactam. Japanese Patent No. 75,002,514. Grelan Pharmaceutical KK (1975) 1-Aminomethyl-1-phenyl-4-hydroxy-cyclohexane derivatives manufacture. Japanese Patent No. 75,010,309. Henshilwood, J. and Johnson, N.B. (1996) Preparation of new and known narwedine derivatives. International Patent No. WO 96/31,458. Hille, T., Hoffmann, H., Kreh, M. and Matusch, R. (1996) Extraction of toxic contaminant free galanthamine from amaryllis bulb. German Patent No. 19,509,663.
418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Moschinsky, W., Voss, E. and Hofmann-Moritz, D. (1989) New ortho-methyl cinnamic acid phenylethyl ester. European Patent No. 341,707. Hutchinson, M. (1998) Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease by administration of cholinesterase inhibitors. International Patent No. WO 98/07,431. Kagaku Gijutsu Shinko Jigyodan (1999) Preparation of intramolecularly coupled compound. Japanese Patent No. 11,080,170. Kamenetski, V.K. and Losev, N.A. (1985) Treatment of parkinsonism. Soviet Union Patent No. 1,148,618. Kanebo Ltd. (1994) Perfume for shampoo, soap or cosmetics, etc. Japanese Patent No. 06,025,693. Katz, R. (1993) Treatment of male erectile impotence. US Patent No. 5,177,070. Kirov, M.S., Burov, P.V., Kovatschev, I.C. and Radoslavov, I.C. (1983) Muscle and nerve stimulating composition. German Patent No. 3,221,827. Kobayashi, K. (1982) Cosmetics containing extract of lycoris radiata or narcissus. Japanese Patent No. 57,102,810. Korletyanu, M.A. (1986) Determination of degree of nerve damage. Soviet Union Patent No. 1,197,633. Krause, B., Kripp, T., Lang, G., Maurer, W., Toeche-Mittler, I. and Meurer, W. (1998) Hair and skin cosmetic products. German Patent No. 19,641,992. Moormann, J. and Moormann, A. (1994) Use of galanthamine to reduce nicotine dependence. International Patent No. WO 94/16,708. Murray, J. and Snorrason, E. (1999a) Treatment of Attention Deficit Disorders. International Patent No. WO 99/07,359. Murray, J.R. and Snorrason, E. (1999b) Use of cholinesterase inhibitor, e.g., galanthamine, for combating diseases associated with proteolytic enzyme activity. International Patent No. WO 99/08, 672. Ochsner, P.A. (1985) 4-hydroxy- or -alkanoyl 3-ethoxybenzyl alkyl ether(s). European Patent No. 137,419. Ochsner, P.A. (1986) New 6-acyloxy-hexanoate ester(s). European Patent No. 177,807. Oplitz, K. (1991) Medical use of galanthamine. European Patent No. 449,247. Ordzhonikidze Chem-Pharm (1962) Isolation of galanthamine. Australian Patent No. 6,213, 719. Potter, G.A. and Tiffen, P.D. (1998) Preparation of a single enantiomer (–)-narwedine. International Patent No. WO 98/46,610. Proskurnina, N.F. (1961) Galanthamine. Soviet Union Patent No. 145,583. Proskyrni, V.A. (1960) Isolation of galanthamine. Soviet Union Patent No. 135,490. Shionogi & Co. Ltd. (1960) Extraction of lycoris alkyloids. Japanese Patent No. 63,000,485. Snorrason, E. (1992a) Use of cholinesterase inhibitors, e.g., galanthamine. European Patent No. 515,302. Snorrason, E. (1992b) Cholinesterase inhibitor for the avoidance of benzodiazepine side effects. International Patent No. WO 92/20,328. Snorrason, E. (1992c) Use of galanthamine derivatives as cholinesterase inhibitors. International Patent No. WO 92/203,287. Snorrason, E. (1994) Treatment of mania. Canadian Patent No. 2,062,094. Snorrason, E. and Murray, J. (1997) Use of cholinesterase inhibitors for treating arthritis. International Patent No. WO 97/29,750. Sugimoto, N. (1994) Lotion for therapy of dermatophytosis. Japanese Patent No. 05,310,588. Taisho Pharm Co. Ltd. (1993) Skin external pharmaceutical preparation for improving flexibility and elasticity. Japanese Patent No. 05,310,549. Tiffen, P.D. (1997) Preparation of enantiomerically enriched galanthamine as chiral salt. International Patent No. WO 97/25,330.
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
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16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
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18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
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20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
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22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
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24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
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26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
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28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
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3 Classification of the genus Narci
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(1) (2) (3)
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34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
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36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
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38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
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40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
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42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
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44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
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46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
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50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
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64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
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Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
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70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
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234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
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236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
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238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
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240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
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8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
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244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
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9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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258 M. Kreh Table 9.1 Results of ga
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260 M. Kreh relation to the qualita
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262 M. Kreh Figure 9.3 Galanthamine
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264 M. Kreh 2.0 flower 2 1 3 4 0 10
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266 M. Kreh • High purity of the
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268 M. Kreh fraction of Narcissus
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H O MeO O MeO H H HO H (1) (3) + 2
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272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
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274 R.M. Moraes (Katz and Taneck, 1
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276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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278 R.M. Moraes Galanthamine conten
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280 R.M. Moraes Table 10.2 The effe
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282 R.M. Moraes years, a yield of 1
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284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
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11 Extraction and quantitative anal
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288 N.P.D. Nanayakkara and J.K. Bas
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Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures f
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Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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12 Synthesis of galanthamine and re
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306 V.N. Bulavka and O.N. Tolkachev
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13 Compounds from the genus Narciss
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334 D. Brown with neostigmine the a
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336 D. Brown Absorption Galanthamin
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338 D. Brown Metabolism and excreti
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340 D. Brown were internationally i
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342 D. Brown cortex and hippocampus
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344 D. Brown reasoned that the effi
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
Page 387 and 388: 366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
Page 389 and 390: 368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
Page 391 and 392: 370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
Page 401 and 402: 16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
Page 403 and 404: 382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
Page 413 and 414: 17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
Page 415 and 416: 394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
Page 417 and 418: Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
Page 419 and 420: 398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
Page 421 and 422: 400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
Page 427 and 428: 406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
Page 429 and 430: 19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
Page 431 and 432: 410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
Page 433 and 434: 412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
Page 435 and 436: 414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
Page 437: 416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
Page 441 and 442: 420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
Page 443 and 444: 422 Index Divisions (classification
Page 445 and 446: 424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
Page 447 and 448: 426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
Page 449: 428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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