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Narcissus and Daffodil

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Galanthamine extraction 271<br />

only a few steps. Expensive purification procedures such as chromatography could<br />

be completely avoided, <strong>and</strong> the use of problematic reagents is very limited. This<br />

method has been tested with 96 kg of bulbs of <strong>Narcissus</strong> ‘Carlton’, leading to a<br />

further patent (Hille et al., 1996). Galanthamine can be obtained in even higher<br />

purity than the drug currently available on the market.<br />

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />

The author would like to acknowledge the help <strong>and</strong> support of Prof. Dr. R. Matusch,<br />

who served as mentor for this project. I would also like to thank F. van Elsäcker<br />

for his help in harvesting <strong>and</strong> extracting the plant material, <strong>and</strong> Lohmann Therapie-<br />

Systeme GmbH for financial support of the project.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

ABDA (1993) Central Database of the German Pharmacists Association, ABDATA-Pharma-<br />

Service, Frankfurt, Eschborn.<br />

Carroll, P., Furst, G.T., Han, S.Y. <strong>and</strong> Joullié, M. (1990) Spectroscopic studies on galanthamine<br />

<strong>and</strong> galanthamine methiiodide. Bulletin de la Société Chemique de France, 127,<br />

769–780.<br />

Cherkasov, O.A. (1977) Plant sources of galanthamine. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal, 11<br />

(6), 84–89 (in Russian).<br />

Cherkasov, O.A., Gorbunova, G.M., Margvelashvili, N.N., Maisuradze, N.I. <strong>and</strong> Tolkachev,<br />

O.N. (1986) The content of galanthamine in leaves of <strong>Narcissus</strong> hybridus hort. Rastitel’nye<br />

Resursy, 22 (3), 370–372 (in Russian).<br />

Cherkasov, O.A., Maisuradze, N.I., Glyzina, G.S. <strong>and</strong> Gayevskii, A.V. (1989) <strong>Narcissus</strong> as a<br />

source of raw materials for producing galanthamine. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal,<br />

23 (5), 621–623 (in Russian).<br />

Cherkasov, O.A., Stikhin, V.A. <strong>and</strong> Savchuk, V.M. (1984) Content of galanthamine in some<br />

Amaryllidaceae species of the flora of the Ukrainian SSR. Rastitel’nye Resursy, 20 (4), 566–<br />

568 (in Russian).<br />

Cherkasov, O.A., Tokhtabaeva, G.A., Margvelashvili, N.N., Maisuradze, N.I. <strong>and</strong> Tolkachev,<br />

O.N. (1988) The contents of galanthamine in some cultivars of <strong>Narcissus</strong> hybridus hort.<br />

Rastitel’nye Resursy, 24 (3), 414–420 (in Russian).<br />

Chimiko-Pharmazevtitschen Zavod (1959) A Method for Obtaining Galanthamine Hydrobromide.<br />

UK Patent No. GB 942 200; Bulgaria Patent Application No. BG 4404.<br />

Chimiko-Pharmazevtitschen Zavod (1963) A Method for Obtaining Galanthamine Hydrobromide.<br />

UK Patent No. GB 942 200.<br />

Cozanitis, D.A. <strong>and</strong> Rosenberg, P. (1983) Study of the analgesic effects of galanthamine, a<br />

cholinesterase inhibitor. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie, 266,<br />

229–238.<br />

Czollner, L., Frantsits, W., Kenburg, B., Hedenig, U., Frohlich, J. <strong>and</strong> Jordis, U. (1998) New<br />

kilogram-synthesis of the Anti-Alzheimer drug (–)-galanthamine. Tetrahedron Letters, 39,<br />

2087–2088.<br />

Erhardt, W. (1993) Narzissen. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart.<br />

Fitzgerald, D.B., Hartwell, J.L. <strong>and</strong> Leitner, J. (1958) Tumor-damaging activity in plant<br />

families showing antimalarial activity. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 20, 763–774.<br />

Fuganti, C. (1975) The amaryllidaceae alkaloids. In: R.H.F. Manske (ed.), The Alkaloids,<br />

Vol. 15, Academic Press, New York.

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