Narcissus and Daffodil

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Polarographic methods Analysis of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids 295 Occasionally, polarographic methods have been used to determine Amaryllidaceae alkaloids quantitatively. Volodina et al. (1970) determined the polarographic constants of galanthamine, lycorine, pancratine, hordenine and dl-nawardine isolated from Ungernia victoris, and used this procedure to quantify galanthamine isolated from a chloroform extract of this species by preparative TLC. In a subsequent study, Volodina et al. (1976) examined nine alkaloids isolated from Ungernia polarographically. They found that, within certain limits, there was a linear relation between the maximum current and the concentration that could be used in analytical studies. Recently, Meng et al. (1998) reported an oscillopolarographic titration method to determine galanthamine hydrobromide content in drug form, using silver nitrate as the titrant, with potassium nitrate and sulphosalicylic acid as supporting electrolytes. Counter current chromatography (CCC) Ma et al. (1994) described a pH-zone-refining CCC procedure for the separation of crinine, powelline and crinamidine from Crinum moorei using a multilayer coil planet centrifuge. Methyl tert-butyl ether containing triethylamine (5–10 mM) and water containing HCl (5–10 mM) were used as the solvent system. The separation was performed by using either the organic (displacement mode) or the aqueous phase (reverse-displacement mode) as the mobile phase. Compounds were eluted as an irregular rectangular peak and were separated into three plateaus by a UV detector or by pH measurement of the fractions. TLC analysis of the fractions showed a successful separation of the compounds with very narrow mixing zones. Results observed in both displacement and reverse-displacement modes were similar; however, the compounds were eluted in the reverse order. Gravimetric methods Amico et al. (1980) used a gravimetric method to quantify lycorine in various parts of Sternbergia lutea during the different stages of its life cycle. The crude alkaloid fraction obtained after traditional base neutral separation was crystallised from 90% ethanol to yield lycorine in crystalline form. Lycorine was separated and its percentage based on dry weight was calculated. Variations in the formation of pancratistatin and related isocarbostyrils in Hymenocallis littoralis were studied by Pettit et al. (1995a) by a gravimetric method. Pancratistatin, narciclasine, 7-deoxynarciclasine and 7-deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasine were isolated from H. littoralis bulbs by a series of extraction, precipitation and separation procedures, and the variation in their content during a period of one year was determined. CONCLUSIONS A number of methods have been developed during the last four decades to analyse Amaryllidaceae alkaloids quantitatively. In recent years, reversed-phase HPLC
Table 11.1 GC and HPLC procedures for the identification and quantitation of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids References Detector Detection limit Mobile phase (modifier) Method Test Compoundsa (Internal standard) Stationary phase or column SE-30 Argon FID Lloyd et al., 1960 PC-GC Galanthine, Acetylcaranine, Lycorenine, Galanthamine, Crinine, Powelline, Tazettine, Belladine PC-GC Galanthamine, Lycoramine, Tazettine SE-30 Yamaguchi et al., 1962 PC-GC Norpluviine, Lycorine, Lycoramine, SE-30, XF-1105, Nitrogen FID Takagi Galanthamine, Buphanamine, Vitattine, XE-60, XF-1150, et al., 1968a Crinine, Tazettine, Haemanthamine, ECNSS-S, NGS, Crinamidine, Hippeastrine, Undulatine, PEG-20M, EGSS-X, Homolycorine (Chrysene) HI-EFF 8B PC-GC Lycoramine, Galanthamine HI-EFF 8B Nitrogen FID Takagi et al., 1968b PC-GC-MS Ambelline, Criwelline, Crinamine, OV1 Helium Ion current Millington Lycorine, Criglaucine, Criglaucidine (MS) et al., 1972 PC-GC-MS Lycorine, Ornazidine, Ornazamine, OV-17 Ion current Onyiriuka Crinatine (MS) et al., 1978 CGC-MS Galanthamine, Lycoramine, DB-1, DB-5 Helium Ion current Kreh et al., N-Demethyl-galanthamine, (MS) 1995a epi-Norlycoramine, O-Methyloduline, Vittatine, Narwedine, Demethylpluviine, 10-O-Demethylpluviine, Oduline, Lycorenine, Haemanthamine, Masonine, Homolycorine, N-Demethyl-masonine
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Narcissus and Daffodil
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Narcissus and Daffodil The genus Na
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Contents Preface to the series vii
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Preface to the series There is incr
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Preface My interest in flower-bulb
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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Gordon R. Hanks Crop and Weed Scien
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Figures 1.1 The effect of bulb stor
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Figures/Plates xvii 7.8 Accumulatio
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Figures/Plates of different segment
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2 G.R. Hanks Information about the
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4 G.R. Hanks (1999), and the polysa
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3 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 5 Flowering in 1976
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8 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.6 Diagrammati
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10 G.R. Hanks (Rees, 1969). When fl
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12 G.R. Hanks Figure 1.8 The relati
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14 G.R. Hanks root system of commer
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16 G.R. Hanks Cremer, M.C., Beijer,
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18 G.R. Hanks Roh, S.M. and Lee, J.
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20 A.C. Dweck Figure 2.1 The narcis
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22 A.C. Dweck Julians Hertfordshire
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24 A.C. Dweck Herefordshire, if daf
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26 A.C. Dweck the basis of an ancie
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28 A.C. Dweck Britten, J. and Holla
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3 Classification of the genus Narci
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(1) (2) (3)
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34 B. Mathew d. Section Jonquillae
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36 B. Mathew N. cyclamineus DC. Flo
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38 B. Mathew 1c. Section Ganymedes
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40 B. Mathew umbel, fragrant; peria
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42 B. Mathew recognition whatsoever
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44 B. Mathew Note: N. elegans shows
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46 B. Mathew ssp. praecox Gatt. and
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(1) (2) (3) (4)
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50 B. Mathew Table 3.1 Horticultura
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52 B. Mathew RHS (1958) The Classif
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54 G.R. Hanks grown for galanthamin
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56 G.R. Hanks such as drying stores
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Table 4.4 Areas of Narcissus cultiv
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60 G.R. Hanks Following planting in
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62 G.R. Hanks lost, resulting in th
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64 G.R. Hanks pathogen-tested nucle
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Figure 4.1 Mean monthly weather dat
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68 G.R. Hanks (as well as natural e
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70 G.R. Hanks compaction and its ef
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72 G.R. Hanks bulbs with base rot)
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74 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.3 Modern fro
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76 G.R. Hanks caution. Higher rates
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78 G.R. Hanks can also be prevented
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80 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.4 A typical
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82 G.R. Hanks Planting date The pra
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84 G.R. Hanks Hanks and Jones, 1986
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86 G.R. Hanks On sloping sites, gro
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88 G.R. Hanks Insecticide and nemat
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90 G.R. Hanks bulb growth, especial
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92 G.R. Hanks Figure 4.7 Changes in
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94 G.R. Hanks methods have been tes
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96 G.R. Hanks the boxes, exiting at
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98 G.R. Hanks usually collected in
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100 G.R. Hanks respond to ethylene
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102 G.R. Hanks using thiabendazole
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104 G.R. Hanks required for the eff
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106 G.R. Hanks and cross-cutting, s
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108 G.R. Hanks In practice, moulds
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110 G.R. Hanks that, with enterpris
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112 G.R. Hanks Balatková, V., Tupy
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114 G.R. Hanks (Narcissus pseudonar
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116 G.R. Hanks Flint, G.J. (1983) E
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118 G.R. Hanks Hanks, G.R. and Rees
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120 G.R. Hanks Khatib, K. al (1996)
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122 G.R. Hanks Luyten, I. (1935) Ve
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124 G.R. Hanks O’Neill, T.M., Man
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126 G.R. Hanks Ruamrungsri, S., Rua
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128 G.R. Hanks Thompson, P.A. (1977
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130 G.R. Hanks Williams, M. (1996)
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132 J.B. Briggs Table 5.1 Typical g
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134 J.B. Briggs Table 5.3 Actual gr
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136 J.B. Briggs Table 5.4 Actual co
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138 J.B. Briggs Table 5.5 Capital c
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140 J.B. Briggs ADAS (1987a) Narcis
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142 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fig
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Table 6.1 Narcissus alkaloid struct
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Table 6.1b Continued Alkaloid name
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Table 6.1d Tazettine type O O R1 R2
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Table 6.1f Continued MeO Alkaloid n
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Table 6.2 Continued Species* Alkalo
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162 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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Table 6.3 Continued Alkaloid* Formu
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176 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Tab
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178 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Cri
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180 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat It
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184 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat is
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186 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat and
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Table 6.4 Continued Alkaloid Activi
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196 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat tac
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198 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Ang
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200 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Boi
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202 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat lyc
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204 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Fug
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206 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Han
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208 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Kin
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210 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat of
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212 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Sp
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214 J. Bastida and F. Viladomat Wil
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216 C. Codina and, consequently, hi
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218 C. Codina easily lost on transf
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220 C. Codina they might be more su
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222 C. Codina µ g/g FW µ g/g FW 3
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224 C. Codina Kinetin As observed i
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226 C. Codina Table 7.3 Total produ
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228 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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230 C. Codina Accumulation of alkal
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232 C. Codina Effect on growth and
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234 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 0.90
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236 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.4 1
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238 C. Codina mg/g DW mg/g DW 1.5 1
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240 C. Codina Hanks, G.R. and Jones
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8 Narcissus and other Amaryllidacea
Page 265 and 266: 244 O.A. Cherkasov and O.N. Tolkach
Page 277 and 278: 9 Studies on galanthamine extractio
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Page 293 and 294: 272 M. Kreh Gorinova, N.I., Atanass
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Page 297 and 298: 276 R.M. Moraes bulbs of many Narci
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Page 305 and 306: 284 R.M. Moraes Kosley, R.W., Jr.,
Page 307 and 308: 11 Extraction and quantitative anal
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Page 319 and 320: Table 11.1 Continued References Det
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346 D. Brown Galanthamine causes br
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348 D. Brown (1994) go on to mentio
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350 D. Brown (Punto Toro and Rift V
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352 D. Brown Furusawa, E., Lum, M.K
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354 D. Brown Snorrason, E. and Stef
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356 D. Brown examination of a brain
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358 D. Brown A successful cholinerg
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Table 14.2 Summary of human trials
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362 D. Brown statistically signific
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364 D. Brown ( Jann, 1998); see Tab
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366 D. Brown REFERENCES Bartus, B.T
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368 D. Brown Wilcock, G.K., Scott,
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370 K. Ingkaninan, H. Irth and R. V
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16 Narcissus lectins Els J.M. Van D
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382 E.J.M. Van Damme and W.J. Peuma
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17 Narcissus in perfumery HISTORY C
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394 C. Remy Figure 17.2 Flower coll
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Figure 17.3 Narcissus flowers sprea
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398 C. Remy CONCLUSION The use of n
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400 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers Fig
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406 C.G. Julian and P.W. Bowers sym
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19 Review of pharmaceutical patents
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410 J.R. Murray to certain RNA viru
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412 J.R. Murray occurs in a two-pha
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414 J.R. Murray cognitive function
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416 J.R. Murray given at a time bet
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418 J.R. Murray Hofmannor, D., Mosc
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420 Index Backache, 403 Bacterial d
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422 Index Divisions (classification
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424 Index Leaf numbers, 11 Leaf sco
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426 Index Poet’s cultivars, 34 Po
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428 Index Subgenus (taxonomy); Ajax
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Narcissus and Daffodil

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