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significant result of such a wedding between religion and politics is the religious tension that now exists. Incidents have been reported show that in those states where BJP is the ruling party the tension between the religious communities remains, and in reality minority rights and privileges are curtailed. Although there is constitutional provision for religion, due to the strong link between religion and politics, the religious minorities are reported to be in a perilous situation in many parts of north India. It is likely that they are under attack even with the consent of the governmental authorities including the police. For example, many like David Emmanuel Singh sees that the post-Godhra event in Gujarat is an example of governmental support of religious violence. There took place violent conflicts between Hindus and Muslims in a small town called Godhra in Gujarat in North West India. This spread all over Gujarat, resulting in the brutal killing of hundreds of Muslims. Singh has observed that the response of the BJP government both in the state and at the centre seems to be dismal. In most of the conflicts ‘police either connived with the murderers or played the role of a passive observer.’ 100 The recent report by the Tehelka reveals that not only the Police Commissioner, but even the Gujarat chief minister played a role in the aftermath of the Godhra 100 See for more details, David Emmanuel Singh, ‘Beyond Controversy: Christian Mission and Communal Religious Violence in Contemporary India,’ http://www.martynmission.cam. ac.uk/CDSingh.htm (accessed 10 July 2007). 204
crisis. 101 If this report is true, the future of the minorities under BJP rule is at risk. However, the report is yet to be verified. 102 There are many incidents that cause Christians to believe that the Hindutva political party BJP and its government cover up atrocities committed by the Sangh Parivar and other organizations. The response from people in authority when Christian priests and missionaries were attacked and churches were burned has further strengthened this suspicion. The best example is the response of A.B. Vajpayee, after his visit to the Dangs district of Gujarat, which was followed by an intensified attack on Christians during Christmas 1998. On 10 January 1999, the then Indian Prime Minister and leader of the BJP, Vajpayee, called for a ‘national debate on conversion.’ 103 The observation of Earnest W. Talibuddin reveals the impression of Christians regarding Vajpayee’s call. He comments, … Christian nuns have been raped, Christian priests and missionaries have been executed, even burnt alive. But instead of any word of condemnation for such ghastly, anti-social and inhuman acts, in order to cover them up and divert the attention of the public, a national debate on the issue of conversion has been strongly recommended by those in authority! 104 101 Rajendra Vyas, ‘Narendrabhai Got the Police on Our Side,’ Tehelka.com, 8 June 2007, under ‘Gujarat 2002-The Truth,’ http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename= Ne031107 Narendrabhai_Got.asp (accessed 13 December 2007). 102 Tehelka is an unofficial independent investigation agency. Modi and other BJP leaders rejected the report. For a response to this report by a leading periodical in India, see Dionne Bunsha, ‘The Tehelka shock,’ Frontline 22, no. 1 (1-14 January 2005), under ‘Gujarat,’ http://www.hinduonnet.com/ fline/fl2201/stories/ 20050114006401800.htm (accessed 10 October 2008). 103 Kim, In Search of Identity, 187. For more details of the discussion, see pp. 157-58. 104 Earnest W. Talibuddin, ‘Mission Context Today: Inter-Religious and Cultural Conflicts,’ in Emerging Indian Missiology: Context and Concepts, ed. Joseph Mattam and Joseph Valiamangalam (Delhi, India: ISPCK, 2006), 26. 205
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A CONTEXTUAL MISSIOLOGY OF THE SPIR
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Abstract This thesis studies the id
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Acknowledgements My heart overflows
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Abbreviation AICC All India Christi
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3.2. Pentecostal Beginnings in Raja
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Pentecostali
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imported movement from south India,
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Indian Pentecostal missionaries. Th
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the ‘impressive success’ of Pen
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Pentecostalism, there has been a gr
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cultural nationalism, religious int
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Penthecosthu Sabhakal 30 fall into
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the product of Pentecostal theology
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All the above studies have certain
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the global culture of Charismatic C
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Missiology is the academic discipli
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has a major role in the theological
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Figure 2 Pentecostal Presence in Ra
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elievers. They refer to the example
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This study essentially uses the ind
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helps to ‘create the bonds of mut
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Jorgensen, participant observation
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approach them personally. Twenty Pe
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esearch is concentrated on a few di
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meetings on eight occasions at all
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time keeping the necessary distance
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Chapter 2 HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND ID
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2.1.1. A Socio-Religious Issue Iden
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India, and so he suggests that both
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indigenous nature of Christianity i
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definition and the rich diversity o
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Dalit Pentecostalism 37 and chiefly
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There is a well-established ancient
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As A.C. George rightly comments, th
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involved in forming small cells wit
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many local languages before Penteco
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Kerala. In one way or the other, th
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2.3. The Origin of Pentecostalism i
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mission in 1908, came to India with
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Indian Pentecostalism. Many non-Pen
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the ‘Pentecostal-like movements
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Indian revivals, without the influe
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elationships between dominant group
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missionaries. As McGee rightly obse
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participated in the 1908 revival an
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2.3.3.2. North India The Sialkot (P
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civilizations, be taken as coming f
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trembling and falling down on the g
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aptism, within weeks he had to modi
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and personal religion.’ 170 Even
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However, the most important and und
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There were trans-cultural elements
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Chapter 3 PENTECOSTALISM IN RAJASTH
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the Rajputs kingdoms is not general
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The CMS and the Canadian Presbyteri
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3.1.2. Contemporary Christianity Th
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involved in non-church planting eva
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has been ignored by writers, thus m
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tongues. The Jiwas were working in
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Although Peter Lal began his preach
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the state, such as Jodhpur, Jaipur,
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CNI church met in the medical store
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ecame known as the Banaswara trio a
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meetings conducted by Philip and hi
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Marubhoomiyile Apostalan (The Apost
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conscious of the significance of be
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particularly those from Kerala, hav
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They have also launched a Bible Tra
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Twelve out of the eighteen Pentecos
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available for everyone, and the inv
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of Christianity is responsible for
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validated by an accreditation agenc
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served as executive council members
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example shown by a student from Cha
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David J. du Plessis is true of Raja
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chanka kiya’ (the Spirit has heal
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example is the recent acknowledgeme
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them and disqualify them from being
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perspective.’ 120 Pentecostal ins
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One of the most significant feature
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there are changes in the outline of
Page 163 and 164: However, as the churches started gr
Page 165 and 166: Although persecution placed Penteco
Page 167 and 168: there took place unusual spiritual
Page 169 and 170: e headed for extinction.’ 145 Thr
Page 171 and 172: this issue has changed. In the late
Page 173 and 174: gatherings. However, today they hav
Page 175 and 176: expressed his concern that not all
Page 177 and 178: Chapter 4 PENTECOSTALISM AND THE RE
Page 179 and 180: expression, belief, faith and worsh
Page 181 and 182: statutory Commission was constitute
Page 183 and 184: attempts have been made to explore
Page 185 and 186: Furthermore, Pentecostals in Rajast
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Page 189 and 190: elonging to this land. The concept
Page 191 and 192: various dynamics related to the iss
Page 193 and 194: people will no longer be subject to
Page 195 and 196: enterprise in Asia.’ 43 Once the
Page 197 and 198: enterprises. The VHP had planned to
Page 199 and 200: occasions when they had to face opp
Page 201 and 202: claiming to be working for the glor
Page 203 and 204: and language.’ 67 Hindutva advoca
Page 205 and 206: time it gives approval to Hindutva
Page 207 and 208: As a direct influence of Hindutva i
Page 209 and 210: one, and is ‘historically variabl
Page 211 and 212: There are clear illustrations of th
Page 213: spiritual values, it is uniquely to
Page 217 and 218: Janata Dal (BJD) in the coalition g
Page 219 and 220: disturbed the communal peace. There
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Page 223 and 224: (purification). McKean observes tha
Page 225 and 226: against Christians are distributed
Page 227 and 228: Another chief strategy seems to be
Page 229 and 230: in the academic year 2001-2002. He
Page 231 and 232: oth the objects and reasons for the
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Page 235 and 236: 4.6. Conclusion The above discussio
Page 237 and 238: north India. Indian Christians lack
Page 239 and 240: Financial poverty has been a major
Page 241 and 242: terms of its leadership structure i
Page 243 and 244: peculiar to Pentecostalism in Rajas
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Page 247 and 248: from larger organizations and that
Page 249 and 250: sign of holiness. However, later on
Page 251 and 252: a fair representation of local peop
Page 253 and 254: Although the term ‘globalization
Page 255 and 256: entitled ‘Pentecost: Internationa
Page 257 and 258: Coleman’s argument that the moder
Page 259 and 260: and Lewis Houston and Bill O’Lear
Page 261 and 262: esponse to different situations. Th
Page 263 and 264: they have made changes in their the
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achieved as the present world syste
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while they were distributing litera
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Jainism participated in the event.
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are a global community, because she
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‘reflection to orient it, to orde
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developments that shift the context
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the need for and responsibility of
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6.1.2. Contextual Missiology of the
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spiritual transformation,’ and so
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the global on the local is a realit
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states, ‘for Pentecostals, theolo
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It is argued here that the Holy Spi
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some consensus regarding the work o
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as ‘participation in the sending
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and magic. He was tormented by the
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of people from other faiths. Accord
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As seen above the stories of healin
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current study shows. To put it anot
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anticipates distinctive Indian Pent
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one among several ways to justify m
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this ‘as secondary destroys the w
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Second, in certain cases the Spirit
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important role in a culturally sens
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nations.’ 127 However, the Spirit
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would have been no opportunity for
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formation of a Pentecostal church i
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esult he changed his position. He a
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Jerusalem community, the local Pent
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y the context, then moved by the Sp
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Jonathan Ingleby discusses the sign
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languages, but use similar terminol
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theology in terms of ecumenicity, F
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in Rajasthan is on the rise, and so
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will ‘convince sceptics …that C
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ecome involved in various social in
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possibility.’ 183 Bosch gives a f
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transformation. First, it has the
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Pentecostal community is still sore
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open social context of the common p
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Self-awareness of the tribal commun
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can get more involved in medical mi
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edress the balance of cultural expr
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such as evangelism, social mission
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Christianity as old as Christianity
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movement. It also showed that the c
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However, in the light of the curren
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Being ecumenical, it is able to pro
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contextual missiology. Thirdly, fro
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ather there can be more issues and
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Appendix 2 Research Representation
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Appendix 4 THE RAJASTHAN DHARMA SWA
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Appendix 5 Rajasthan Freedom of Rel
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fabric is weakened by such illegal
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45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1991-19
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Appendix 9 South /North India Repre
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Appendix 11 Theological Education o
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Althouse, Peter. Spirit of the Last
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Barrett, David B., and Todd M. John
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________ ‘Pentecostal Theological
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Cox, Jeffrey. Imperial Fault Lines:
Page 385 and 386:
Farquhar J.N., and G. Garitte. The
Page 387 and 388:
Heaney, Robert S. ‘Conversion to
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Jenkins, Philip. The Next Christend
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________ ‘The Debate on Conversio
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________ Spirit-Shaped Mission: A H
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________ ‘The Charismatic Renewal
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Miller, Basil. Praying Hyde: The St
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________ The Flaming Tongue: The Im
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Poruthur, A. ‘Ground Realities of
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Sarkar, Tanika. Hindu Wife, Hindu N
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Special Correspondent. ‘An Openin
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________ ‘Anyadesathu Krupayude T
Page 409 and 410:
Whiteman, Darrell L. ‘Missionary
Page 411 and 412:
Godwin, Colin Robert. ‘The Empowe
Page 413 and 414:
Correspondent. ‘PM Responds to EU
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