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Varghese, Kunjappan, C. ‘Reformation Brings Revival: A Historical Study of K.E. Abraham and His Contributions in the Founding of the India Pentecost Church of God.’ PhD thesis, Trinity International University, Illinois, 1999. Varughese, V.A. ‘A Historical Analysis of the Origin and Development of the Pentecostal Churches in Kerala with Special Reference to its View of Mission.’ DMiss thesis, SAIACS, Bangalore, India, 1996. Yong, Amos. ‘The Spirit of Encounter: Theology of Religions- Pentecostal and Pneumatological Perspectives.’ Paper presented at the Glopent Conference, Amsterdam, 27-28 April 2008. ________ ‘Pentecostalism and Political Theology.’ The Cadbury Lectures 2009. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010 [forthcoming]. Yong, Jeong Jae. ‘Filipino Pentecostal Spirituality: An Investigation into Filipino Indigenous Spirituality and Pentecostalism in the Philippines.’ ThD thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. Electronic Documents All India Christian Council. http://indianchristians.in /news/ content/ view/300/47/ (accessed 27 November 2008). ________ ‘Plea for Fair Treatment to Christian Community.’ 27 July 2007. http://www.indianchristians.in (accessed 13 December 2007). ________ http://indianchristians.in/ news/ images/resources/pdf/ Rajasthan%20Freedom%20of%20Religion%20Bill%202008%20-20text% 20only.pdf (accessed 13 December 2007). Anderson, Allan. ‘The Pentecostal Gospel and Third World Cultures.’ Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Pentecostal Studies. Springfield, Missouri, 16 March 1999. Available from artsweb.bham.ac.uk/aanderson/Publications/articles.htm- accessed 15 May 2005. Blakely, Rhys. ‘India: Where Christians are a Target for the Religious Murder Mobs.’ The Times, 6 September 2008. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/ news/ world/asia/article4687075.ece. (accessed 23 September 2008). Bunsha, Dionne. ‘The Tehelka shock.’ Frontline 22, no. 1 (1-14 January 2005). http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2201/stories/20050114006401800.htm (accessed 10 October 2008). 402
Correspondent. ‘PM Responds to EU Concern over Attacks on Christians.’ All India Christian Council, 30 September 2008. http://indianchristians.in/news/content/view/2436/47/ (accessed 29 Sept 2008). Dubhashi, P.R. ‘Meaning of Secularism.’ The Hindu, 11 June 2002. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/op/2002/06/11/stories/20020611000 20200.htm (accessed 13 Nov 2006). Editorial. ‘Intimidatory Tactics.’ The Hindu, 21 March 2002. http://www.hinduonnet.com/ 2002/03/21/stories/2002032100211000.htm (accessed 13 Nov 2006). European Research Network on Global Pentecostalism. ‘Birmingham Glopent Conference Report.’ http://www.glopent.net/members/webmaster/ birmingham-2006/birmingham-conference-report/ (accessed 14 September 2006). Government of India http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/ India_at_glance/religion.aspx (accessed 02 October 2008). Klaus, Byron D. ‘Challenges to Pentecostal Mission Praxis in the 21st Century.’ SPS. Vol. 2 (1999). Society for Pentecostal Studies Annual Meeting Papers 1982-2004. CD-ROM. Cleveland, TN: SPS, 2006. Krishnaswami, Sridhar. ‘U.S. Panel for Naming India, Pak. as “Countries of Concern.”’ The Hindu, 2 October 2002. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/10/02/stories/ 2002100205270100.htm (accessed 22 November 2007). Menon, Parvathi. ‘Conversion to Hinduism a Condition for Christians to Return Home in Khandhamal.’ The Hindu, 1 October 2008. http://www.thehindu.com/2008/10/01/ stories/2008100161861400.htm (accessed 01 October 2008). National Commission for Minorities. ‘Genesis.’ http://ncm.nic.in/genesis.html, (accessed 12 November 2006). ________ ‘Constitutional Provisions.’ http://ncm.nic.in/ constitutional_prov.html (accessed 12 November 2006). Panikkar, K.N. ‘Towards a Hindu Nation.’ Frontline 17, no.3 (1999). http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/002200809250940.htm (accessed 10 Oct 2008). Rajalakshmi, T.K. ‘A Saffron Assault.’ Frontline 22, no.7 (12-25 March 2005). http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2207/stories/20050408001104000.htm (accessed 12 July 2007). Sebastian, Sunny. ‘India does not have any Minorities: RSS Chief.’ The Hindu, 17 Mar 2004. http://www.hinduonnet.com /2004/03/17/stories/ 2004031704511400.htm (accessed 13 Nov 2006). 403
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A CONTEXTUAL MISSIOLOGY OF THE SPIR
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Abstract This thesis studies the id
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Acknowledgements My heart overflows
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Abbreviation AICC All India Christi
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3.2. Pentecostal Beginnings in Raja
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Pentecostali
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imported movement from south India,
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Indian Pentecostal missionaries. Th
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the ‘impressive success’ of Pen
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Pentecostalism, there has been a gr
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cultural nationalism, religious int
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Penthecosthu Sabhakal 30 fall into
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the product of Pentecostal theology
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All the above studies have certain
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the global culture of Charismatic C
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Missiology is the academic discipli
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has a major role in the theological
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Figure 2 Pentecostal Presence in Ra
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elievers. They refer to the example
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This study essentially uses the ind
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helps to ‘create the bonds of mut
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Jorgensen, participant observation
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approach them personally. Twenty Pe
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esearch is concentrated on a few di
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meetings on eight occasions at all
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time keeping the necessary distance
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Chapter 2 HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND ID
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2.1.1. A Socio-Religious Issue Iden
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India, and so he suggests that both
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indigenous nature of Christianity i
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definition and the rich diversity o
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Dalit Pentecostalism 37 and chiefly
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There is a well-established ancient
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As A.C. George rightly comments, th
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involved in forming small cells wit
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many local languages before Penteco
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Kerala. In one way or the other, th
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2.3. The Origin of Pentecostalism i
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mission in 1908, came to India with
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Indian Pentecostalism. Many non-Pen
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the ‘Pentecostal-like movements
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Indian revivals, without the influe
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elationships between dominant group
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missionaries. As McGee rightly obse
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participated in the 1908 revival an
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2.3.3.2. North India The Sialkot (P
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civilizations, be taken as coming f
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trembling and falling down on the g
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aptism, within weeks he had to modi
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and personal religion.’ 170 Even
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However, the most important and und
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There were trans-cultural elements
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Chapter 3 PENTECOSTALISM IN RAJASTH
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the Rajputs kingdoms is not general
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The CMS and the Canadian Presbyteri
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3.1.2. Contemporary Christianity Th
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involved in non-church planting eva
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has been ignored by writers, thus m
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tongues. The Jiwas were working in
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Although Peter Lal began his preach
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the state, such as Jodhpur, Jaipur,
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CNI church met in the medical store
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ecame known as the Banaswara trio a
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meetings conducted by Philip and hi
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Marubhoomiyile Apostalan (The Apost
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conscious of the significance of be
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particularly those from Kerala, hav
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They have also launched a Bible Tra
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Twelve out of the eighteen Pentecos
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available for everyone, and the inv
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of Christianity is responsible for
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validated by an accreditation agenc
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served as executive council members
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example shown by a student from Cha
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David J. du Plessis is true of Raja
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chanka kiya’ (the Spirit has heal
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example is the recent acknowledgeme
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them and disqualify them from being
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perspective.’ 120 Pentecostal ins
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One of the most significant feature
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there are changes in the outline of
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However, as the churches started gr
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Although persecution placed Penteco
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there took place unusual spiritual
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e headed for extinction.’ 145 Thr
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this issue has changed. In the late
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gatherings. However, today they hav
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expressed his concern that not all
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Chapter 4 PENTECOSTALISM AND THE RE
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expression, belief, faith and worsh
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statutory Commission was constitute
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attempts have been made to explore
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Furthermore, Pentecostals in Rajast
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minority and fundamental rights, se
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elonging to this land. The concept
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various dynamics related to the iss
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people will no longer be subject to
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enterprise in Asia.’ 43 Once the
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enterprises. The VHP had planned to
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occasions when they had to face opp
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claiming to be working for the glor
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and language.’ 67 Hindutva advoca
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time it gives approval to Hindutva
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As a direct influence of Hindutva i
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one, and is ‘historically variabl
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There are clear illustrations of th
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spiritual values, it is uniquely to
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crisis. 101 If this report is true,
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Janata Dal (BJD) in the coalition g
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disturbed the communal peace. There
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social work done by the Christians
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(purification). McKean observes tha
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against Christians are distributed
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Another chief strategy seems to be
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in the academic year 2001-2002. He
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oth the objects and reasons for the
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Pentecostals are always accused of
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4.6. Conclusion The above discussio
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north India. Indian Christians lack
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Financial poverty has been a major
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terms of its leadership structure i
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peculiar to Pentecostalism in Rajas
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greater presence of Christians. Man
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from larger organizations and that
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sign of holiness. However, later on
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a fair representation of local peop
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Although the term ‘globalization
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entitled ‘Pentecost: Internationa
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Coleman’s argument that the moder
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and Lewis Houston and Bill O’Lear
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esponse to different situations. Th
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they have made changes in their the
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achieved as the present world syste
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while they were distributing litera
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Jainism participated in the event.
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are a global community, because she
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‘reflection to orient it, to orde
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developments that shift the context
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the need for and responsibility of
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6.1.2. Contextual Missiology of the
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spiritual transformation,’ and so
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the global on the local is a realit
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states, ‘for Pentecostals, theolo
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It is argued here that the Holy Spi
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some consensus regarding the work o
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as ‘participation in the sending
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and magic. He was tormented by the
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of people from other faiths. Accord
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As seen above the stories of healin
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current study shows. To put it anot
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anticipates distinctive Indian Pent
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one among several ways to justify m
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this ‘as secondary destroys the w
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Second, in certain cases the Spirit
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important role in a culturally sens
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nations.’ 127 However, the Spirit
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would have been no opportunity for
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formation of a Pentecostal church i
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esult he changed his position. He a
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Jerusalem community, the local Pent
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y the context, then moved by the Sp
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Jonathan Ingleby discusses the sign
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languages, but use similar terminol
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theology in terms of ecumenicity, F
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in Rajasthan is on the rise, and so
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will ‘convince sceptics …that C
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ecome involved in various social in
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possibility.’ 183 Bosch gives a f
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transformation. First, it has the
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Pentecostal community is still sore
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open social context of the common p
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Self-awareness of the tribal commun
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can get more involved in medical mi
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edress the balance of cultural expr
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such as evangelism, social mission
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Christianity as old as Christianity
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movement. It also showed that the c
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However, in the light of the curren
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Being ecumenical, it is able to pro
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contextual missiology. Thirdly, fro
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Page 363 and 364: Appendix 2 Research Representation
Page 365 and 366: Appendix 4 THE RAJASTHAN DHARMA SWA
Page 367 and 368: Appendix 5 Rajasthan Freedom of Rel
Page 369 and 370: fabric is weakened by such illegal
Page 371 and 372: 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1991-19
Page 373 and 374: Appendix 9 South /North India Repre
Page 375 and 376: Appendix 11 Theological Education o
Page 377 and 378: Althouse, Peter. Spirit of the Last
Page 379 and 380: Barrett, David B., and Todd M. John
Page 381 and 382: ________ ‘Pentecostal Theological
Page 383 and 384: Cox, Jeffrey. Imperial Fault Lines:
Page 385 and 386: Farquhar J.N., and G. Garitte. The
Page 387 and 388: Heaney, Robert S. ‘Conversion to
Page 389 and 390: Jenkins, Philip. The Next Christend
Page 391 and 392: ________ ‘The Debate on Conversio
Page 393 and 394: ________ Spirit-Shaped Mission: A H
Page 395 and 396: ________ ‘The Charismatic Renewal
Page 397 and 398: Miller, Basil. Praying Hyde: The St
Page 399 and 400: ________ The Flaming Tongue: The Im
Page 401 and 402: Poruthur, A. ‘Ground Realities of
Page 403 and 404: Sarkar, Tanika. Hindu Wife, Hindu N
Page 405 and 406: Special Correspondent. ‘An Openin
Page 407 and 408: ________ ‘Anyadesathu Krupayude T
Page 409 and 410: Whiteman, Darrell L. ‘Missionary
Page 411: Godwin, Colin Robert. ‘The Empowe
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