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aspects of the mission of the community should be considered. The Holy Spirit has a role to play not only in planting and growing churches, but also in internal as well as external issues facing the church. 6.2.2.1 The Spirit and Religio-Political Persecution There are examples of the Spirit’s intervention when there were threats to early Christians from the religio-political sphere of society. Four diverse responses by the Holy Spirit are reported in Acts. First, there are examples when the Spirit enabled the Christians to continue to speak in the same location without fear. For example, Peter and John, the disciples of Jesus, were taken into custody by the local authorities who told them ‘not to speak at all nor teach in the name of Jesus’ (Act. 4:18). On their release they reported all that happened to the other disciples. When they prayed, the Holy Spirit came upon them, and they spoke the Word with more boldness (Act. 4:31). On another occasion, Stephen, a man ‘full of the Holy Spirit,’ was empowered in his preaching in the midst of persecution (Acts 7: 54-56). This incident can be seen as an example of ‘supernatural Spirit-inspired defence’ in midst of persecution. 121 The Spirit empowered the persecuted believers to witness Christ even in prison (Act 16: 24-34). When Paul was opposed by the Jews in Corinth, he wanted to withdraw from his mission. However, he heard the voice through a vision in the night, saying, ‘do not be afraid, but speak, and do not keep silent; for I am with you, and no one will attack you to hurt you; for I have many people in this city’ (Act. 18:9,10). As a result, he continued his ministry in the same city for another one and a half years. 121 Roger Stronstad, The Prophethood of All Believers : A Study in Luke’s Charismatic Theology, JPTS Series, 16 (Sheffield: SAP, 1999), 90. 296
Second, in certain cases the Spirit told people to move from their existing locations after facing challenges. While Paul was preaching to the crowd in Jerusalem, he said that he moved from Jerusalem because he was asked to do so. While he was praying in the temple in Jerusalem he heard a voice in a trance which said, ‘make haste and get out of Jerusalem quickly, for they will not receive your testimony concerning Me’ (Act. 22:18). Consequently, he shifted his focus from Jews to Gentiles and moved out of Jerusalem. Third, on other occasions when they were facing persecution the Spirit led them to specific groups to communicate the message. When there was persecution in Jerusalem and its vicinity, Philip was told by the Spirit to go to the desert between Jerusalem and Gaza (Act.8:26-39). Apart from being a man ‘full of the Holy Spirit and wisdom,’ Roger Stronstad saw two other Spirit experiences of Philip in this context. He was ‘led by the Spirit to the Ethiopian Court official’ (Act. 8:29), and ‘he was supernaturally transported by the Spirit after he had baptized the Ethiopian’ (Act.8:39). 122 While there was severe persecution in Jerusalem and all were scattered to diverse places, Ananias had a dream telling him to go to the house of Judas to heal Saul (Act. 9:10-12). It is significant that all Christians in Jerusalem knew that Saul was a leading persecutor and they were afraid of him (Act. 9:26). However, in response to the dream, Ananias went to meet Saul, and as a result he was healed, filled with the Holy Spirit and became a disciple. Later he became one of the leading voices of early Christian community. 122 Roger Stronstad, ‘Affirming Diversity: God’s People as a Community of Prophets,’ Pneuma 17, no. 2 (Fall, 1995): 153. 297
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A CONTEXTUAL MISSIOLOGY OF THE SPIR
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Abstract This thesis studies the id
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Acknowledgements My heart overflows
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Abbreviation AICC All India Christi
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3.2. Pentecostal Beginnings in Raja
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Pentecostali
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imported movement from south India,
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Indian Pentecostal missionaries. Th
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the ‘impressive success’ of Pen
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Pentecostalism, there has been a gr
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cultural nationalism, religious int
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Penthecosthu Sabhakal 30 fall into
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the product of Pentecostal theology
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All the above studies have certain
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the global culture of Charismatic C
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Missiology is the academic discipli
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has a major role in the theological
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Figure 2 Pentecostal Presence in Ra
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elievers. They refer to the example
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This study essentially uses the ind
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helps to ‘create the bonds of mut
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Jorgensen, participant observation
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approach them personally. Twenty Pe
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esearch is concentrated on a few di
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meetings on eight occasions at all
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time keeping the necessary distance
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Chapter 2 HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND ID
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2.1.1. A Socio-Religious Issue Iden
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India, and so he suggests that both
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indigenous nature of Christianity i
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definition and the rich diversity o
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Dalit Pentecostalism 37 and chiefly
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There is a well-established ancient
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As A.C. George rightly comments, th
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involved in forming small cells wit
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many local languages before Penteco
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Kerala. In one way or the other, th
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2.3. The Origin of Pentecostalism i
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mission in 1908, came to India with
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Indian Pentecostalism. Many non-Pen
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the ‘Pentecostal-like movements
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Indian revivals, without the influe
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elationships between dominant group
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missionaries. As McGee rightly obse
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participated in the 1908 revival an
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2.3.3.2. North India The Sialkot (P
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civilizations, be taken as coming f
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trembling and falling down on the g
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aptism, within weeks he had to modi
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and personal religion.’ 170 Even
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However, the most important and und
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There were trans-cultural elements
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Chapter 3 PENTECOSTALISM IN RAJASTH
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the Rajputs kingdoms is not general
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The CMS and the Canadian Presbyteri
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3.1.2. Contemporary Christianity Th
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involved in non-church planting eva
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has been ignored by writers, thus m
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tongues. The Jiwas were working in
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Although Peter Lal began his preach
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the state, such as Jodhpur, Jaipur,
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CNI church met in the medical store
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ecame known as the Banaswara trio a
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meetings conducted by Philip and hi
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Marubhoomiyile Apostalan (The Apost
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conscious of the significance of be
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particularly those from Kerala, hav
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They have also launched a Bible Tra
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Twelve out of the eighteen Pentecos
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available for everyone, and the inv
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of Christianity is responsible for
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validated by an accreditation agenc
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served as executive council members
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example shown by a student from Cha
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David J. du Plessis is true of Raja
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chanka kiya’ (the Spirit has heal
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example is the recent acknowledgeme
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them and disqualify them from being
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perspective.’ 120 Pentecostal ins
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One of the most significant feature
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there are changes in the outline of
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However, as the churches started gr
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Although persecution placed Penteco
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there took place unusual spiritual
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e headed for extinction.’ 145 Thr
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this issue has changed. In the late
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gatherings. However, today they hav
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expressed his concern that not all
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Chapter 4 PENTECOSTALISM AND THE RE
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expression, belief, faith and worsh
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statutory Commission was constitute
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attempts have been made to explore
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Furthermore, Pentecostals in Rajast
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minority and fundamental rights, se
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elonging to this land. The concept
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various dynamics related to the iss
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people will no longer be subject to
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enterprise in Asia.’ 43 Once the
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enterprises. The VHP had planned to
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occasions when they had to face opp
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claiming to be working for the glor
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and language.’ 67 Hindutva advoca
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time it gives approval to Hindutva
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As a direct influence of Hindutva i
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one, and is ‘historically variabl
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There are clear illustrations of th
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spiritual values, it is uniquely to
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crisis. 101 If this report is true,
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Janata Dal (BJD) in the coalition g
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disturbed the communal peace. There
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social work done by the Christians
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(purification). McKean observes tha
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against Christians are distributed
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Another chief strategy seems to be
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in the academic year 2001-2002. He
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oth the objects and reasons for the
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Pentecostals are always accused of
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4.6. Conclusion The above discussio
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north India. Indian Christians lack
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Financial poverty has been a major
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terms of its leadership structure i
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peculiar to Pentecostalism in Rajas
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greater presence of Christians. Man
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from larger organizations and that
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sign of holiness. However, later on
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a fair representation of local peop
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Although the term ‘globalization
Page 255 and 256: entitled ‘Pentecost: Internationa
Page 257 and 258: Coleman’s argument that the moder
Page 259 and 260: and Lewis Houston and Bill O’Lear
Page 261 and 262: esponse to different situations. Th
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Page 267 and 268: while they were distributing litera
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Page 271 and 272: are a global community, because she
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Page 279 and 280: 6.1.2. Contextual Missiology of the
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Page 285 and 286: states, ‘for Pentecostals, theolo
Page 287 and 288: It is argued here that the Holy Spi
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Page 291 and 292: as ‘participation in the sending
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Page 295 and 296: of people from other faiths. Accord
Page 297 and 298: As seen above the stories of healin
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Page 301 and 302: anticipates distinctive Indian Pent
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Page 317 and 318: esult he changed his position. He a
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Page 321 and 322: y the context, then moved by the Sp
Page 323 and 324: Jonathan Ingleby discusses the sign
Page 325 and 326: languages, but use similar terminol
Page 327 and 328: theology in terms of ecumenicity, F
Page 329 and 330: in Rajasthan is on the rise, and so
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Page 333 and 334: ecome involved in various social in
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Page 341 and 342: open social context of the common p
Page 343 and 344: Self-awareness of the tribal commun
Page 345 and 346: can get more involved in medical mi
Page 347 and 348: edress the balance of cultural expr
Page 349 and 350: such as evangelism, social mission
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Page 353 and 354: movement. It also showed that the c
Page 355 and 356: However, in the light of the curren
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Being ecumenical, it is able to pro
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contextual missiology. Thirdly, fro
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ather there can be more issues and
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Appendix 2 Research Representation
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Appendix 4 THE RAJASTHAN DHARMA SWA
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Appendix 5 Rajasthan Freedom of Rel
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fabric is weakened by such illegal
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45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1991-19
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Appendix 9 South /North India Repre
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Appendix 11 Theological Education o
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Althouse, Peter. Spirit of the Last
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Barrett, David B., and Todd M. John
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________ ‘Pentecostal Theological
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Cox, Jeffrey. Imperial Fault Lines:
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Farquhar J.N., and G. Garitte. The
Page 387 and 388:
Heaney, Robert S. ‘Conversion to
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Jenkins, Philip. The Next Christend
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________ ‘The Debate on Conversio
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________ Spirit-Shaped Mission: A H
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________ ‘The Charismatic Renewal
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Miller, Basil. Praying Hyde: The St
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________ The Flaming Tongue: The Im
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Poruthur, A. ‘Ground Realities of
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Sarkar, Tanika. Hindu Wife, Hindu N
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Special Correspondent. ‘An Openin
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________ ‘Anyadesathu Krupayude T
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Whiteman, Darrell L. ‘Missionary
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Godwin, Colin Robert. ‘The Empowe
Page 413 and 414:
Correspondent. ‘PM Responds to EU
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