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will take into account the global impact as well as the particularity of the local. It is hard for Pentecostal missiology to be restricted only to a particular context as there are interconnections between Pentecostals at a global level. Pentecostalism can be understood as a religion of connection as Pentecostals are connected to the Holy Spirit and through the Spirit with others. Spirit experiences, like prophecy, healing, exorcism, and other signs and wonders connect them to the needs of the people, and these needs are met through the power of the Spirit. The Spirit enables Pentecostals to receive prophetic insights about natural calamities like earthquakes, and other national and global issues. 155 Thus Pentecostalism, as a religion of connection, links the Spirit to local and global communities, so a contemporary Pentecostal theology of mission should not only consider the local context, but also take account of what is happening around the world. There is tremendous interconnectivity between local Pentecostals and the global Pentecostal movement. For example, it is significant that despite strong opposition from Hindu militant groups, and consequently from the government, Indian Charismatics prefer well-known foreign tele-evangelists such as Benny Hinn, Roger Hosma, or Reinhard Bonnke to be the chief preachers in their mass gatherings. 156 However, there are a number of local Indian evangelists with a preaching style similar to their global counterparts. They preach in local 155 A prophetic utterance was given in Rajasthan on 23 December 2000 by a prophet regarding the fall of the twin towers in New York, and the congregation was encouraged to pray. The prophet said that he saw two huge buildings in a city near-by a sea shore were on fire. 156 For example, Reinhard Bonnke was the chief guest speaker at the recent Good News Festival (a mass evangelistic crusade) organized in Kerala from 10-13 April 2008. Many Pentecostals believe that this attracted the largest Christian gathering in Kerala. 314
languages, but use similar terminology and adopt similar practices like slaying in the Spirit, emphasize healing and deliverance, promote the ‘prosperity gospel,’ and use mass media like television to communicate their message. Thus, these strong parallels with other Pentecostals from around the globe reveal the aspect of glocalization in the theology and practices of contemporary Pentecostals. 6.3.2. Ecumenical Missiology As seen in chapter three, Charismatic experiences have played a vital place in promoting ecumenical relationships between different sectors of Christianity. Therefore, contemporary Pentecostal missiology must be ecumenical in nature. As Spirit experiences unite people from different denominations, they can stand together to achieve a common mission. According to Athyal, because of the increased ‘awareness of Cathartic (emotional release) element … there are shifts taking place through conscious and unconscious mutual influence between Pentecostal and traditional churches.’ As a result, the feeling of oneness and unity with other members of the Christian community is more visible in Indian Charismatic circles. Athyal hopes that the ‘new spirit of friendship and acceptance’ between Pentecostals and non-Pentecostals is a positive development in the life of the church, as this would give a ‘new dimension to its witness in India.’ 157 Despite the growth in number of denominations, denominational distance seems to be shrinking in contemporary Rajasthan as in many other parts of the world. 157 Athyal, Relevant Patterns, 208-10. 315
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A CONTEXTUAL MISSIOLOGY OF THE SPIR
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Abstract This thesis studies the id
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Acknowledgements My heart overflows
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Abbreviation AICC All India Christi
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3.2. Pentecostal Beginnings in Raja
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Pentecostali
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imported movement from south India,
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Indian Pentecostal missionaries. Th
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the ‘impressive success’ of Pen
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Pentecostalism, there has been a gr
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cultural nationalism, religious int
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Penthecosthu Sabhakal 30 fall into
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the product of Pentecostal theology
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All the above studies have certain
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the global culture of Charismatic C
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Missiology is the academic discipli
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has a major role in the theological
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Figure 2 Pentecostal Presence in Ra
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elievers. They refer to the example
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This study essentially uses the ind
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helps to ‘create the bonds of mut
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Jorgensen, participant observation
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approach them personally. Twenty Pe
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esearch is concentrated on a few di
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meetings on eight occasions at all
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time keeping the necessary distance
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Chapter 2 HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND ID
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2.1.1. A Socio-Religious Issue Iden
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India, and so he suggests that both
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indigenous nature of Christianity i
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definition and the rich diversity o
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Dalit Pentecostalism 37 and chiefly
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There is a well-established ancient
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As A.C. George rightly comments, th
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involved in forming small cells wit
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many local languages before Penteco
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Kerala. In one way or the other, th
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2.3. The Origin of Pentecostalism i
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mission in 1908, came to India with
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Indian Pentecostalism. Many non-Pen
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the ‘Pentecostal-like movements
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Indian revivals, without the influe
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elationships between dominant group
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missionaries. As McGee rightly obse
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participated in the 1908 revival an
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2.3.3.2. North India The Sialkot (P
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civilizations, be taken as coming f
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trembling and falling down on the g
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aptism, within weeks he had to modi
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and personal religion.’ 170 Even
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However, the most important and und
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There were trans-cultural elements
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Chapter 3 PENTECOSTALISM IN RAJASTH
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the Rajputs kingdoms is not general
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The CMS and the Canadian Presbyteri
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3.1.2. Contemporary Christianity Th
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involved in non-church planting eva
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has been ignored by writers, thus m
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tongues. The Jiwas were working in
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Although Peter Lal began his preach
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the state, such as Jodhpur, Jaipur,
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CNI church met in the medical store
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ecame known as the Banaswara trio a
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meetings conducted by Philip and hi
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Marubhoomiyile Apostalan (The Apost
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conscious of the significance of be
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particularly those from Kerala, hav
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They have also launched a Bible Tra
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Twelve out of the eighteen Pentecos
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available for everyone, and the inv
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of Christianity is responsible for
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validated by an accreditation agenc
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served as executive council members
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example shown by a student from Cha
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David J. du Plessis is true of Raja
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chanka kiya’ (the Spirit has heal
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example is the recent acknowledgeme
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them and disqualify them from being
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perspective.’ 120 Pentecostal ins
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One of the most significant feature
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there are changes in the outline of
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However, as the churches started gr
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Although persecution placed Penteco
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there took place unusual spiritual
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e headed for extinction.’ 145 Thr
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this issue has changed. In the late
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gatherings. However, today they hav
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expressed his concern that not all
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Chapter 4 PENTECOSTALISM AND THE RE
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expression, belief, faith and worsh
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statutory Commission was constitute
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attempts have been made to explore
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Furthermore, Pentecostals in Rajast
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minority and fundamental rights, se
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elonging to this land. The concept
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various dynamics related to the iss
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people will no longer be subject to
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enterprise in Asia.’ 43 Once the
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enterprises. The VHP had planned to
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occasions when they had to face opp
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claiming to be working for the glor
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and language.’ 67 Hindutva advoca
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time it gives approval to Hindutva
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As a direct influence of Hindutva i
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one, and is ‘historically variabl
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There are clear illustrations of th
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spiritual values, it is uniquely to
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crisis. 101 If this report is true,
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Janata Dal (BJD) in the coalition g
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disturbed the communal peace. There
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social work done by the Christians
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(purification). McKean observes tha
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against Christians are distributed
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Another chief strategy seems to be
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in the academic year 2001-2002. He
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oth the objects and reasons for the
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Pentecostals are always accused of
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4.6. Conclusion The above discussio
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north India. Indian Christians lack
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Financial poverty has been a major
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terms of its leadership structure i
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peculiar to Pentecostalism in Rajas
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greater presence of Christians. Man
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from larger organizations and that
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sign of holiness. However, later on
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a fair representation of local peop
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Although the term ‘globalization
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entitled ‘Pentecost: Internationa
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Coleman’s argument that the moder
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and Lewis Houston and Bill O’Lear
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esponse to different situations. Th
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they have made changes in their the
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achieved as the present world syste
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while they were distributing litera
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Jainism participated in the event.
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are a global community, because she
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Page 279 and 280: 6.1.2. Contextual Missiology of the
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Page 287 and 288: It is argued here that the Holy Spi
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Page 295 and 296: of people from other faiths. Accord
Page 297 and 298: As seen above the stories of healin
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Page 307 and 308: Second, in certain cases the Spirit
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Page 317 and 318: esult he changed his position. He a
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Page 321 and 322: y the context, then moved by the Sp
Page 323: Jonathan Ingleby discusses the sign
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Page 333 and 334: ecome involved in various social in
Page 335 and 336: possibility.’ 183 Bosch gives a f
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Page 341 and 342: open social context of the common p
Page 343 and 344: Self-awareness of the tribal commun
Page 345 and 346: can get more involved in medical mi
Page 347 and 348: edress the balance of cultural expr
Page 349 and 350: such as evangelism, social mission
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Page 353 and 354: movement. It also showed that the c
Page 355 and 356: However, in the light of the curren
Page 357 and 358: Being ecumenical, it is able to pro
Page 359 and 360: contextual missiology. Thirdly, fro
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Page 363 and 364: Appendix 2 Research Representation
Page 365 and 366: Appendix 4 THE RAJASTHAN DHARMA SWA
Page 367 and 368: Appendix 5 Rajasthan Freedom of Rel
Page 369 and 370: fabric is weakened by such illegal
Page 371 and 372: 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1991-19
Page 373 and 374: Appendix 9 South /North India Repre
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Appendix 11 Theological Education o
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Althouse, Peter. Spirit of the Last
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Barrett, David B., and Todd M. John
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________ ‘Pentecostal Theological
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Cox, Jeffrey. Imperial Fault Lines:
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Farquhar J.N., and G. Garitte. The
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Heaney, Robert S. ‘Conversion to
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Jenkins, Philip. The Next Christend
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________ ‘The Debate on Conversio
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________ Spirit-Shaped Mission: A H
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________ ‘The Charismatic Renewal
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Miller, Basil. Praying Hyde: The St
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________ The Flaming Tongue: The Im
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Poruthur, A. ‘Ground Realities of
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Sarkar, Tanika. Hindu Wife, Hindu N
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Special Correspondent. ‘An Openin
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________ ‘Anyadesathu Krupayude T
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Whiteman, Darrell L. ‘Missionary
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Godwin, Colin Robert. ‘The Empowe
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Correspondent. ‘PM Responds to EU
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