KANT'S CRITIQUE OF TELEOLOGY IN BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION

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124 Systematics of Antinomy I do not want to pursue the Kantian concept of freedom any further. The point here was only to make the structure of the subcontrary antinomy transparent and to present enough of the content of the argument, so that the differences and similarities of this antinomy to the antinomy of judgment can sensibly be discussed. 2.6 The Systematics of Antinomy A Critique needs an Analytic and a Dialectic, and a Dialectic must have an antinomy. Kant's philosophy recognizes seven antinomies, of which however only six receive the title "of pure reason." Among the six antinomies of reason there are three kinds. In a section at the end of the "Critique of Aesthetic Judgment" (§57) entitled "Comment II" Kant presents a classification of the various antinomies: Here the following important point arises spontaneously: that there are three kinds of antinomy of pure reason, all of which are still alike in that they force reason to abandon the otherwise very natural presupposition that objects of sense are things in themselves and force reason to regard them instead as mere appearances that are based on an intelligible substrate (something supersensible, the concept of which is only an idea and precludes cognition proper). (B243; CJ, *218) Without such a conflict with itself, reason would never have been willing to accept the critical restrictions on its speculation. Each of the three faculties of knowledge in the Kantian system has its own antinomy of reason: theoretical reason or understanding has a fourfold cosmological antinomy, practical reason and aesthetic judgement each have a single antinomy. Each of these antinomies makes reference to a particular faculty of the mind: And so three antinomies arise: (1) for the faculty of knowledge, an antinomy of reason concerning the theoretical use of the understanding when this use is extended up to the unconditioned; (2) for the feeling of pleasure and displeasure, an antinomy of reason concerning the aesthetic use of judgment; (3) for the faculty of desire, an antinomy [of reason] concerning the practical use of our intrinsically legislative reason. (B244; CJ, 218) The "Critique of Teleological Judgment" also has an Analytic and a Dialectic; and its Dialectic also contains an antinomy, which, however, has no place in the system just presented here. This anti
Summary 125 nomy is thus apparently not one "of pure reason" and in fact is also not so named. This — the seventh — antinomy is called the "antinomy of judgment" and has no faculty of the mind to which it directly relates. The difference is important in that we should not expect to find in this antinomy a conflict of reason with itself, as in the antinomies of reason, but rather a conflict of judgment with itself. The inevitability of the dialectical illusion cannot, for instance, be traced back to the demand of reason for the unconditioned, as is maintained for the antinomies of practical reason and aesthetic judgment. It is also questionable whether the distinction between phenomena and things in themselves will bring a solution to this antinomy. Although the application of this figure of argument to another area in the antinomy of judgment should display some similarities to what we have seen in this chapter, there will certainly be some differences due to the different kind of object to which it is applied. 2.7 Summary Three significant results of the analyses undertaken in this chapter, which provide the basis for the subsequent investigation of the antinomy of judgment, should be recalled to mind: 1) the "logic" of the antinomies, 2) the presupposition of the conditioning of the whole through the parts, and 3) the completeness of the systematics of the antinomies of reason without any mention of an antinomy of judgment. 1. A Kantian antinomy is an apparent contradiction between two propositions that in equal measure make an unspoken and ungrounded presupposition. This presupposition implies that the Law of the Excluded Middle applies to them. In the Critique of Pure Reason two conflicting predicates, which exhaust a range of incompatibility, are attributed to a subject, whereby it is assumed that the genus of which the two predicates are species may be attributed to the subject. Under this presupposition both of the two conflicting predications are then argued ad absurdum thus refuting the presupposition (that the world is a thing in itself). If one disputes this presupposition, then the tertium non datur no longer holds; the op-
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KANT’S CRITIQUE OF TELEOLOGY IN B
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Contents Acknowledgments...........
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Acknowledgements vii This book pres
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To My Parents M.M.M. and P.O.M.
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2 Introduction fact the rejection o
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4 Introduction almost exclusively c
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6 Introduction reductionism as the
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8 Theory of the Organism will be se
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10 Theory of the Organism when he f
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12 Theory of the Organism that this
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14 Theory of the Organism not in an
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16 Theory of the Organism formation
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18 Theory of the Organism common sp
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20 Theory of the Organism cated to
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22 Theory of the Organism by these
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24 Kant's Reading of Biology of the
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26 Kant's Reading of Biology for in
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28 Kant's Reading of Biology monly
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30 Kant's Reading of Biology not be
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32 Kant's Reading of Biology to ada
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34 Analytic of Teleological Judgmen
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54 Antinomies of Reason tent is par
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56 Antinomies of Reason antinomies
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58 Antinomies of Reason shows that
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60 Antinomies of Reason categories
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62 Antinomies of Reason "only condi
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64 Antinomies of Reason described;
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66 Kant's Logic For the true opposi
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68 Kant's Logic outside the sphere
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70 Kant's Logic In contrast to Lamb
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72 Kant's Logic predicate under con
Page 84 and 85: 74 Kant's Logic other. We can thus
Page 86 and 87: 76 Kant's Logic then both conflicti
Page 88 and 89: 78 Kant's Logic Both conflicting pr
Page 90 and 91: 80 The Unconditioned and the Infini
Page 108 and 109: 98 Antinomy of Division Antithesis
Page 110 and 111: 100 Antinomy of Division justificat
Page 112 and 113: 102 Antinomy of Division and thus p
Page 114 and 115: 104 Antinomy of Division why it is
Page 116 and 117: 106 Antinomy of Division B552-53) g
Page 118 and 119: 108 Antinomy of Division "machine"
Page 120 and 121: 110 Antinomy of Freedom How far the
Page 122 and 123: 112 Antinomy of Freedom of momentum
Page 124 and 125: 114 Antinomy of Freedom the Third a
Page 126 and 127: 116 Antinomy of Freedom If Kant mea
Page 128 and 129: 118 Antinomy of Freedom phenomena i
Page 130 and 131: 120 Antinomy of Freedom In the Crit
Page 132 and 133: 122 Antinomy of Freedom must appear
Page 136 and 137: 126 Summary position proves to be n
Page 138 and 139: 128 Antinomy of Judgment An antinom
Page 140 and 141: 130 Antinomy of Judgment §74 The r
Page 142 and 143: 132 Antinomy of Judgment must have
Page 144 and 145: 134 Antinomy of Judgment dialectic.
Page 146 and 147: 136 Antinomy of Judgment we cannot
Page 148 and 149: 138 Interpretations of the Antinomy
Page 162 and 163: 152 Heuristic but Necessary Princip
Page 172 and 173: 162 Resolution of the Antinomy the
Page 174 and 175: 164 Resolution of the Antinomy know
Page 176 and 177: 166 Resolution of the Antinomy a wh
Page 178 and 179: 168 Resolution of the Antinomy able
Page 180 and 181: 170 Resolution of the Antinomy ous
Page 182 and 183: 172 Resolution of the Antinomy intr
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174 Resolution of the Antinomy tion
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176 Resolution of the Antinomy meth
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178 Resolution of the Antinomy anyt
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180 Summary acquainted with" a caus
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184 Bibliography Bommersheim, Paul,
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186 Bibliography Fraisse, Jean Clau
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188 Bibliography Kraemer, Eric Russ
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190 Bibliography & E. Mendelsohn) B
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192 Bibliography Roretz, Karl, "Zur
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194 Bibliography American and Conti
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196 Index 144; 154; 167; 169; final
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198 Index mere understanding 47; 13
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KANT'S CRITIQUE OF TELEOLOGY IN BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION

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