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Pre-print Volume - Oral presentations Topic 1: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION SCIENCE: CONTRIBUTING TO MANAGEMENT assemblages). This study aims at investigating the generality of responses to protection of fish assemblages associated with shallow rocky reefs across the Mediterranean Sea, by comparing MPAs and areas open to fishing and other human uses. Materials and methods – Fish surveys were done in late spring 2007 and 2008 at 12 MPAs and 19 fished areas across the northern Mediterranean coast (Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey; Fig. 1). Fig. 1 – Location of Marine Protected Areas and fished areas investigated in this study. Localizzazione delle Aree Marine Protette ed aree aperte alla pesca oggetto del presente studio. Fish data were collected by using underwater visual census (UVC) at several stations within each areas (protected or fished), with three replicated UVCs at each station, for a total of 516 UCVs. Each replicate consisted of a 25 m-long and 5 m-wide transect. Along each transect, the diver swam one way (at ~10 m depth) for about 8-10 min, identifying and recording the number and size of each fish encountered (Harmelin- Vivien et al., 1985). Fish wet-weight was estimated from size data by means of lengthweight relationships from the available literature and existing databases (Froese & Pauly, 2009). Multivariate and univariate analyses were conducted to examine whether fish assemblage structure (i.e. taxa composition and abundances) and single variables (e.g. species richness) responded to protection. Effects of protection were analyzed on whole fish assemblages (using species×sample matrices) using three-way permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) both on abundance and biomass data. The sampling design consisted of 3 factors: Protection (Pr; fixed factor with 2 levels), Area (Ar; random and orthogonal) and Station (St; random and nested in Area). Multivariate analyses were based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrices and ln(x+1) transformed data. Univariate analyses on species richness, diversity, and total abundance and biomass of fish were run using t-tests to compare mean values under protected and unprotected conditions. Finally, fish taxa in terms of biomass data from both protected and fished conditions were pooled into trophic groups because fishing disproportionately targets species at higher trophic levels (Pauly et al., 1998), and recovery from fishing potentially includes increased abundances or biomass of high-level predators and shifts in trophic structure (Micheli et al., 2004). Each taxon was assigned to one of 4 trophic macrogroups using the information about diet in the database “FishBase” (Froese & Pauly, 2009), and in Mediterranean studies (Guidetti & Sala, 2007): 1) large apex predators (large carnivores, AP), 2) small carnivores (including piscivores and invertivores, SC), 3) herbivores (He), and 4) planktivoresdetritivores (PD). Results – Multivariate analyses (PERMANOVA tests) showed that considering total fish abundance (P
Pre-print Volume - Oral presentations Topic 1: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION SCIENCE: CONTRIBUTING TO MANAGEMENT variability was detected at both spatial scales of areas and stations. Species richness (ttests, P
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