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Pre-print Volume – Introductory lectures Topic 2: MARINE ORGANISMS AND ECOSYSTEMS AS MODEL SYSTEMS machinery in bringing about the required fluxes? What are likely to be the effects of decreased ocean pH on the calcification process? Changes in ocean pH will potentially affect both the speciation of carbon in the ocean, the dissolution of calcite and the ability of cells to remove protons. Only by acquiring more detailed knowledge of transport processes and their regulation will we be able to address these fundamental questions. Results - We have adopted a combination of cell physiological, genomic and molecular approaches to try to understand the mechanisms underlying calcification. Our electrophysiological studies have shown some unique features of the coccolith membrane physiology and the presence of unexpected ion channels (Taylor and Brownlee, 2003). For example, coccolithophores have similar ion channels to those involved in generating action potentials in animals and indeed we have shown the occurrence of spontaneous action potentials in single coccolithophore cells (Taylor and Brownlee, 2003). More recently we have shown the presence of an ion conductance pathway in the plasma membrane that allows protons to efflux from the cell down their electrochemical potential gradient. Recent combination of genomic, imaging and patch clamp electrophysiology has shown for the first time in a non-animal cell the presence of the molecular counterpart of the proton channel that is able to perform this function. We have proposed that this is involved in short-term pH regulation and its activity is essential for calcification. We have also begun to characterize other transporters that genomics studies indicate are involved in calcification since their expression levels are strongly dependent on calcification. These include a putative calcium/proton exchanger and an anion exchanger that may be involved in inorganic carbon transport. Genomics studies are also beginning to allow an understanding of the genetic variability in populations of coccolithophores that will be important in understanding how these organisms may respond or adapt to changing seawater chemistry. One particular gene (GPA) that encodes a protein that is intimately associated with the coccolith crystals has been shown to vary in sequences that correlate with coccolith morphology. We are beginning to map the occurrence of different coccolith morphotypes at the molecular level to gain an understanding of the genetic variability in existing coccolith populations. Collaborations with the Sir Alistair Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) are for the first time enabling the molecular composition of past coccolithophore populations to be reconstructed. Conclusions – Understanding the mechanisms of calcification at the molecular and cellular level, the variability between populations of the same species and, indeed, between different species will allow us to construct population-scale models of the fundamentally important geochemical processes of calcification. These will allow us to understand how coccolithophore populations may adapt to predicted changes in ocean chemistry that will inevitably occur over the coming decades to centuries. References BROWNLEE C., TAYLOR A.R. (2005) - Calcification in coccolithophores: a cellular perspective. In: H. Thierstein, J. Young (eds), Coccolithophores: from molecular processes to global impact. Springer, Berlin: 31-50. 41 st S.I.B.M. CONGRESS Rapallo (GE), 7-11 June 2010 91
Pre-print Volume – Introductory lectures Topic 2: MARINE ORGANISMS AND ECOSYSTEMS AS MODEL SYSTEMS TAYLOR A.R., BROWNLEE C. (2003) - A novel Cl - inward-rectifying current in the plasma membrane of the calcifying marine phytoplankton Coccolithus pelagicus. Plant Physiology, 131: 1391-1400. 41 st S.I.B.M. CONGRESS Rapallo (GE), 7-11 June 2010 92
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Preprint volume - SIBM

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