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Volume Two - Academic Conferences

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Fatemeh Orooji et al.<br />

Figure 1: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 4x4 grid structure<br />

Extraverts/Introverts: refers to the orientation of a person; attitude is on the surroundings (like<br />

other people) or on his/her own ideas and thoughts.<br />

Sensors/Inductors: the way people prefer to perceive data; from their five senses or from<br />

unconscious.<br />

Thinkers/Feelers: the base of judgment; logical connections ( “true or false” and “if-then”) or<br />

feeling refers to humanistic evaluation (“more-less” and “better-worse”)<br />

Judgers/Perceivers: prefer step-by-step approach, seek closure even with incomplete data or<br />

being more flexible, and keep all options open.<br />

3.2 Grasha-Riechmann LSs (1975)<br />

The Grasha-Riechmann learning style model is based on students’ responses to actual classroom<br />

activities and identifies three bipolar dimensions(Grasha and Riechmann, 1975):<br />

Participant/avoidant: wish to become involved in the classroom activities or avoid<br />

Collaborative/competitive: the motivation behind a student’s interactions with others; corporative<br />

or competitive<br />

Dependent/independent: attitudes toward teachers; desire freedom or control in the learning<br />

environment<br />

Grasha argues that this situation-specific approach is more likely to be reliable and can help faculty<br />

identify teaching techniques to address different LSs.<br />

Figure 2: Our depiction for Grasha-Riechmann LSs<br />

612

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