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Volume Two - Academic Conferences

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Mekala Soosay<br />

this vicarious form of feedback also encourages students to put what is learned to action and to<br />

develop capability in complex appraisal of assessment, similar to what tutors possess (Sadler 2010).<br />

Although this research is a small-scale evaluation and the findings are not necessarily generalisable,<br />

the potential benefits of realigning feedback mechanisms with technology that encourages selfregulated<br />

learning can be applied to other similar undergraduate and postgraduate learning settings.<br />

Granted that composing individual feedback is a time-consuming process, formative peer feedback<br />

implemented using technology can allow tutors to benefit from empowering students as feedbackconstructors,<br />

potentially saving time. Tutors can also identify which students require more feedback<br />

and target additional guidance towards them. This implies that detailed feedback for summative work<br />

could be provided on demand, for diagnostic or feed-forward purposes. While it is acknowledged that<br />

a single feedback technique would not work equally well for every student, a common theme<br />

emerging from the findings is that heightened awareness by tutors of how students implement<br />

feedback could positively influence how tutors prepare students to apply feedback for accelerated<br />

learning and progression. Moreover, Sadler (2010) and Boud (2000) concur if the skills of selfregulation<br />

are developed progressively rather than mechanistically over the course of an<br />

undergraduate degree, this would support a model of HE where students are prepared for lifelong<br />

learning.<br />

It is anticipated that the findings will help develop and improve student experience in that area, guided<br />

by good practice that tutors have found to work well in their teaching.<br />

References<br />

Bangert-Drowns, R.L., Kulick, J.A., and Morgan, M.T. (1991) “The instructional effect of feedback in test-like<br />

events”, Review of Educational Research, Vol 61, No. 2, pp 213 - 238.<br />

Bangert, A. W. (2008) “The Development and Validation of the Student Evaluation of Online Teaching<br />

Effectiveness”, Computers in the Schools, Vol 25, No. 1, pp 25 – 47.<br />

Bolton, P. (2011) “Changes to higher education funding and student support from 2012/13”, [online],<br />

www.parliament.uk/briefingpapers/commons/lib/research/.../snsg-05753.pdf.<br />

Boud, D. (1995) Enhancing learning through self assessment, Kogan Page, London.<br />

Boud, D. (2000) “Sustainable assessment: rethinking assessment for the learning society”, Studies in the<br />

Continuing Education, Vol 22, No. 2, pp 151- 167.<br />

Franklin, T., and van Harmelen, M. (2007) Web 2.0 for Content for Learning and Teaching in Higher Education,<br />

Joint Information Systems Committee, London.<br />

Fritz, C. O., Morris, P. E., Bjork, R. A., Gelman, R. and Wickens, T. D. (2000) “When further learning fails:<br />

stability and change following repeated presentation of text”, British Journal of Psychology, Vol 91, pp 493 -<br />

511.<br />

Garrison, D. R. and Anderson, T. (2003) E-learning in the 21st century, RouteledgeFalmer, London.<br />

Knight, P. and Yorke, M. (2003) Assessment, learning and employability, SRHE/Open University Press,<br />

Maidenhead.<br />

Martin, A. and Madigan, D. (eds.) (2006) Digital literacies for learning, Facet Publishing, London.<br />

Nicol, D. and Macfarlane-Dick, D. (2006) “Formative assessment and self-regulated learning: A model and seven<br />

principles of good feedback practice”, Studies in Higher Education, Vol 34, No. 1, pp 199 - 218.<br />

Nicol, D. (2010) “From monologue to dialogue: improving written feedback processes in mass higher education”,<br />

Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, Vol 35, No. 5, pp 501 - 517.<br />

Offir, B., Lev, Y. and Bezalel, R. (2008) “Surface and deep learning processes in distance education:<br />

Synchronous versus asynchronous systems”, Computers and Education, Vol 51, No. 3, pp 1172 - 1183.<br />

Palloff, R. M., Pratt, K. (2007) Building Online Learning Communities: Effective strategies for the virtual<br />

classroom, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.<br />

Prensky, M. (2001) “Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants, On the Horizon”, [online], http://tinyurl.com/ypgvf.<br />

Reushle, S. and Loch, B. (2008) “Conducting a trial of web conferencing software: Why, how, and perceptions<br />

from the Coalface”, Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, Vol 9, No. 3, pp 19 - 28.<br />

Rotheram, B. (2008) Towards quicker, better assessment using audio feedback, [online], CAA Conference 2008,<br />

Loughborough University, www.caaconference.com/past<strong>Conferences</strong>/.../Rotherham_B_formatted_b2.pdf.<br />

Sadler, D.R. (1981) “Emphatically, not to judge?”, Journal of Education for Teaching, Vol 7, No. 2, pp 200 - 202.<br />

Sadler, D.R. (2010) “Beyond feedback: Developing student capability in complex appraisal”, Assessment &<br />

Evaluation in Higher Education, Vol 35, No. 5, pp 535 - 550.<br />

Salmon, G. (2004) E-Moderating: The Key to Learning and Teaching Online. 2 nd edition, RouteledgeFalmer,<br />

London.<br />

Yorke, M. (2003) “Formative assessment in higher education: Moves towards theory and the enhancement of<br />

pedagogic practice”, Higher Education, Vol 45, No. 4, pp 477 - 501.<br />

801

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