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demonstration of royal support, also by Louis XIII and for Saint-Louis-des-Jésuites, suggests that an additional reason drove the king to become the patron. The year construction began on the church, the king participated in the ceremonial placing of the foundation stone and commissioned the striking of two medals to commemorate his patronage of the building, events that scholars have yet to interpret. While it was not unusual for the sovereign to do one or the other, the combination of these two acts by a king was unprecedented for French ecclesiastical architecture. As I will demonstrate, Louis XIII deliberately chose to bring the ceremonial placing of the foundation stone and the commissioning of two medals together because he sought to obtain from the Jesuits recognition of his absolute right to rule. On Sunday 7 March 1627, accompanied by the court, Louis XIII proceeded to the Jesuits’ maison professe for the services celebrating the blessing of the first stone of the new church. 21 Following a sermon and vespers in the Jesuits’ existing place of worship, the court and members of the Society of Jesus moved outside to the area where the foundations for the new building were already laid. Here the archbishop of Paris Jean-François de Gondi officiated the Roman rite, which called for the consecration of the ceremonial first stone following the blessing of the site of the future high altar. 22 Once it was time to place the first stone, Louis XIII stepped in to perform the ritual. Using a silver trowel with an ebony handle, the king took the medals specifically struck to commemorate the occasion and mortared them to a marble plaque, creating the foundation stone. 23 In addition to being described in guidebooks such as Piganiol de la Force’s Description historique, the foundation stone is also recorded in an anonymous engraving at the Bibliothèque Nationale (fig. 36). 24 The print includes a central rectangle, representing the stone, which depicts in the four corners one of the faces of each of the two medals. Surrounding the rectangle are enlarged versions of the medals, making the objects’ text and images easy to read. At the center of the composition is a Latin inscription, reading: “To God all powerful and grand— Louis XIII built this temple for St. Louis, who marked the entire earth with his arms and mind, so that France could honor him as her king, love him as her father, and venerate him here in 25 God’s temple as a saint.” Centered above and below the inscription is explanatory text for the engraving. The obverse of the first medal, in the upper left-hand corner, depicts a profile portrait of St. Louis, dressed in a fleur-de-lis-covered garment, holding a scepter and wearing a crown with 89
a halo surrounding his head. The medal’s reverse, on the opposite side of the engraving, shows Martellange’s design for the façade of Saint-Louis-des-Jésuites. In the lower left corner the obverse of the second medal presents a profile portrait of Louis XIII dressed in armor with a large ruff and a sash, typical of contemporary state portraits. 26 Each of the images is accompanied by an inscription, which will be addressed below. The reverse of the portrait of Louis XIII bears no image, but simply consists of Latin text, which reads: “To God all powerful and great—Louis XIII dedicated this building to St. Louis in the year 1627 in order to have as a protector in heaven the founder of his race, of his name, and of his kingdom.” 27 The tradition of casting medals for placement in the foundations of new buildings began in the fifteenth century, with the earliest known example being Matteo dei Pasti’s 1454 medal of San Francesco in Rimini. 28 Pasti’s medal depicts a profile portrait of the patron Sigismondo Malatesta on the obverse with Alberti’s initial design for the façade of the church on the reverse (fig. 37). Subsequent examples followed the same pattern, such as Julius II’s foundation medal for Saint Peter’s designed in 1506 by Caradosso Foppa, featuring Bramante’s exterior design for the basilica. Although the Roman Catholic rite for the blessing of th foundation stone did not require medals, by the seventeenth century it was customary to include them as a means of commemorating the event. The use of medals to celebrate construction of a new church was also a feature at Jesuit foundations. In 1568 Cardinal Alessandro Farnese commissioned G. Bonsegni to create a foundation medal to commemorate the start of construction on the Gesù, the Jesuit mother church for which he was the patron. 29 Like other foundation medals, it showed a profile portrait of Cardinal Farnese on the obverse with Giacomo da Vignola’s design for the façade on the reverse (fig. 38). The fact that the Gesù’s patron, rather than the superior general of the society, was the one to commission a medal to commemorate the event provided a precedent for future Jesuit churches. Although documentary evidence revealing the person responsible for commissioning the medals for Saint-Louis-des-Jésuites is lacking, tradition dictates that it was Louis XIII. In France the ruling monarch used medals to commemorate royal occasions and major events; foundation medals for works connected to the king certainly fell within this realm. 30 King Charles IX (1560-1574) and his mother Queen Catherine de’ Medici were the first French leaders to commemorate such an event when in 1566 they placed medals bearing their portraits in the 90
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FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of
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Jacobins of the rue Saint-Honoré 1
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14. Clément Métezeau and Jacques
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45. Simon Vouet, Apotheosis of St.
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79. After Claude Chastillon, Carose
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ABSTRACT This study examines early
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The Buildings Of the ten newly-buil
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The Patrons: Maria de’ Medici and
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has been the focus of a wealth of a
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Although studies employing contextu
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the Society. By dedicating royal fu
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1 Marie-Laure Deschamps-Bourgeon, "
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de' Medici (Princeton, New Jersey:
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CHAPTER 2 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT: F
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in the last twenty years as a serio
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pattern that would be repeated in e
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The Reign of Henri IV The move from
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The king’s second major accomplis
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etween Philip IV (1285-1314) and Po
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universal Church, he was recognized
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houses in Italy and Spain, these re
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Although concerns over internationa
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Although Maria never claimed to bel
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suggestions but leave the decisions
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Page 53 and 54: 1 I use the terms Catholic Reform a
Page 55 and 56: 20 Henri III was the third of four
Page 57 and 58: 46 Beaune, Ideology, 176. 47 For th
Page 59 and 60: 70 Hayden, "Continuity," 12. 71 Lou
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Page 63 and 64: which uses the seventeenth-century
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Page 85 and 86: 1 Fumaroli, "Cross," 88-102; Le Pas
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Page 89 and 90: 31 Archives Nationales, MM 600, Vis
Page 91 and 92: 51 For twin-towered facades associa
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Page 95 and 96: 99 Archives Nationales MM 562 f. 3-
Page 97 and 98: 125 Archives Nationales MM 623 f. 9
Page 99 and 100: By examining the precise manner of
Page 101: arcade, replacing it with a project
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Page 123 and 124: 1 Today it is the parish church of
Page 125 and 126: discussion of the plan and its popu
Page 127 and 128: 43 For Philip II as Solomon and the
Page 129 and 130: 67 The Jesuit foundations building
Page 131 and 132: 88 Laurence Brockliss, "Richelieu,
Page 133 and 134: 110 For the meaning of the central
Page 135 and 136: 135 For a discussion of Richelieu
Page 137 and 138: had exercised by the end of the reg
Page 139 and 140: King Louis XI (1461-1483) and immed
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Page 143 and 144: The queen would have also welcomed
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The queen certainly believed that s
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the image the rectangular foundatio
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Medici’s patronage of the Religio
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use her support of the Religious of
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1 The dates represent the start of
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17 “MARIA MEDICAEA, PIENTISSIMA E
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Baptiste-Michel Renou de Chevigné
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du Roi des Rois pour la conservatri
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Zusammenhang, ed. Joachim Poeschke
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CHAPTER 6 FROM NOTRE-DAME-DES-VICTO
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eign of Louis XIII. By looking at i
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choir are two additional rooms. Tho
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Moreover not all foundation stones
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Additional Churches supported by Lo
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palace chapel at Versailles, design
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founding, was first supported by St
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its position within the kingdom. In
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Scholarship shows that the reasons
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with Cardinal Richelieu, who refuse
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his preoccupation with the war, Lou
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12 Barbiche, "Augustins déchaussé
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39 Jean-Pierre Camus, Premières ho
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Amos, Funerals, Politics, and Memor
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cardinal; see Paul de Musset, Puyla
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One of the key contributions of thi
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Figure 1. Philippe de Champaigne, L
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Figure 3. Frans Pourbus the Younger
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Figure 5. French School, Pierre de
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Figure 7. Jean Marot, Veue de l’
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Figure 9. Clément Métezeau and Ja
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Figure 11. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 13. Reconstructed map of the
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Figure 15. Saint-Germer-de-Fly, vie
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Figure 17. Sainte-Chapelle, upper c
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Figure 19. Jacques Lemercier, Churc
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Figure 21. Écu d’or of Louis XII
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Figure 23. Jacques Androuet du Cerc
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Figure 25. Map of territories durin
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Figure 27. Peter Paul Rubens, Trium
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Figure 29. Philippe de Champaigne,
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Figure 31. Saint Louis, obverse (le
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Figure 33. Andrea Sacchi and Jan Mi
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Figure 35. Foundation Stone of Sain
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Figure 37. G. Bonsegni, Il Gesù, r
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Figure 39. Detail of Kings rose win
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Figure 41. Etienne Martellange and
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Figure 43. Edme Moreau, High Altar
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Figure 45. Simon Vouet, The Apotheo
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Figure 51. Michel Corneille, St. Lo
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Figure 53. Studio of Simon Vouet, L
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Figure 57. Plan of the Church of th
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Figure 59. Plan of Saint-Joseph-des
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Figure 61. Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes,
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Figure 63. After Jean Marot, Eglise
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Figure 65. Jean-Baptiste-Michel Jai
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Figure 67. Jean-Aimar Piganiol de l
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Figure 69. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 71. Nicolas-Michel Troche, F
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Figure 73. Henri de Gisors, detail
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Figure 75. Jacques de Bie, Device f
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Figure 77. Plan of the church of No
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Figure 79. After Claude Chastillon,
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Figure 81. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 83. Current plan of Notre-Da
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Figure 85. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 87. Foundation Stone of Notr
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Figure 89. Detail of a window at th
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Figure 91. E. Viollet-le-Duc, Recon
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Figure 93. Israël Silvestre, Vue d
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Figure 95. Plan de l’eglise de No
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1589 Henri IV becomes king of Franc
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Bibliothèque nationale de France D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Archival Sources Archi
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Théveneau, Adam. Les Précepts du
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Billot, Claudine. "La fondation de
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Brunel, Georges. Dictionnaire des
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Currier, Charles Warren. History of
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Freiberg, Jack. The Lateran in 1600
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Johnson, Géraldine A. "Imagining I
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Lonergan, Walter F. Historic Church
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Montgolfier, Bernard de, ed. Saint-
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Romier, Lucien. Les origines politi
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Turchetti, Mario. "Middle Parties i
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Education: Teaching Experience: Nat
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