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8 The interior balcony above the entrance was also decorated with the monograms of Henri IV and Maria de’ Medici. For the church, see Ballon, Henri IV, 186-90; Dumolin and Outardel, Eglises de France, 126-28. 9 Louis XI requested that the founder of the order come to France with the hopes that St. Francis of Paula could cure him. For the history and establishment of the order in France, see Pierre Helyot, Dictionnaire des ordres religieux; ou, histoire des ordres monastiques, religieux et militaires, 4 vols. (Paris: Chez l'Éditeur, 1847-1859), 2:981-96; Odile Krakovitch, "Le couvent des Minimes de la Place-Royale," Fédération des Sociétés Historiques et Archéologiques de Paris et Ile-de-France 30 (1979): 98-111; J. S. Whitmore, The Order of Minims in Seventeenth- Century France (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967), 1-7. 10 Krakovitch, "Minimes," 108-10. 11 For this characterization of the Minims, see Whitmore, Minims, 6. 12 For the church of the Minims at the Place Royale, see Biver, Abbayes, 425-32; Allan Braham and Peter Smith, "Mansart Studies V: The Church of the Minimes," Burlington Magazine 107 (1965): 123-32; Edouard Jacques Ciprut, "Documents inédits sur l'ancienne église des Minimes de la Place Royale," Bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de l'Art Français (1954): 151-74; Krakovitch, "Minimes," 87-258; Victoria Sanger, "Le 'portail' de l'église des Minimes, 1657- 1665," in François Masart: le génie de l'architecture, ed. Jean-Pierre Babelon and Claude Mignot (Paris: Gallimard, 1998), 233-37. 13 For the letters patent, see Krakovitch, "Minimes," 110. For Maria de’ Medici repaying the Minims the amount it cost to buy the land, see Biver, Abbayes, 425; Jacques-François Blondel, Architecture françoise, ou recueil des plans, élévations, coupes et profils, 4 vols. (Paris: Jombert, 1754), 2:145; Piganiol de la Force, Description historique 4:438-39. 14 For the placing of the first stone, see Annales de l’Ordre des Religieux minims et en particulier de la Province de France, Bibliothèque nationale, ms. Fr. 23126; reprinted in Ciprut, "Documents inédits," 157-58. For the health concerns, see Hilarion de Coste, Les Eloges et les vies des reynes, des princesses, et des dames illustres en pieté, en Courage & en Doctrine, qui ont fleury de nostre temps, et du temps de nos Peres. Avec l'explication de leurs Devises, Emblémes, Hieroglyphes, Divisez en deux tomes et dediez à la Reyne Regente (Paris: Sébastien Cramoisy et Gabriel Cramoisy, 1647), 496. 15 Krakovitch, "Minimes," 110. No visual documents exist showing the duc’s arms. 16 Among the authors recognizing Maria de’ Medici as the founder of the church were Blondel, Architecture françoise, 2:145; Antoine Martial Le Fèvre, Description des curiosités des églises de Paris et des environs (Paris: Cl. P. Gueffier, 1759), 248-49; Piganiol de la Force, Description historique, 4:438-39. 149
17 “MARIA MEDICAEA, PIENTISSIMA ET SERENISSIMA FRANCORUM REGINA, HENRICI IV. OLIM CONJUX, NUNC VIDUA, ET LUDOVICI XIII. FRANCORUM REGIS MATER; EXTRUENDI HUJUS TEMPLI ERGO, QUOD HONORI B. DEI GENITRICIS MARIAE VOTUM ET DICATUM EST, EJUSDEM VIRGINIS NATALI DIE, ET 6. IDUS SEPTEMB. 1611. PRIMARIUM LAPIDEM PRO FUNDAMENTO POSUIT, CHRISTIANE PRORSUS ET FELICITER.” Germain Brice recorded the inscription in its original Latin while Hilarion de Coste translated it to French; see Brice, Description 2:217; Coste, Les éloges, 494. 18 Henri IV named Maria de’ Medici as regent on 13 May 1610, the day before he was assassinated, in preparation for a military campaign against the duchy of Jülich. For contemporary perceptions of women as rulers, see Johnson, "Imagining Images," 131; Wilson- Chevalier, "Women," 35, 38. 19 Johnson, "Imagining Images," 130-31. 20 For the ongoing challenges between the princes of the blood and Maria de’ Medici, especially during the first four years of the regency, see Carmona, Marie de Médicis, 234-48. Katherine Crawford argues that Maria de’ Medici created an image of divine motherhood to counteract the princes of the blood; see Crawford, Perilous Performances, 74-79. 21 For Maria de’ Medici’s favorable disposition towards the Discalced Carmelites, see André Hallays, Le couvent des Carmes, 1613-1913 (Paris: Librairie Bloud, 1913), 8-9. 22 The master of the Chambres des Comptes was a high-ranking position in the sovereign courts. For an account of Nicolas Vivian’s extensive support for the Parisian community of Discalced Carmelites, see Archives Nationales, LL 1500, Martirologe de la sacristie du Couvent de Saint Joseph des Carmes Déchausséz, fols. 1-5. 23 This was the first church in Paris dedicated to St. Joseph. 24 For Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes, see Biver, Abbayes, 398-416; Boinet, Eglises parisiennes, 42- 66; Dumolin and Outardel, Églises de France, 128-31; Michel Dupuy, L'église Saint-Joseph-des- Carmes (Paris: Editions SAEP, 1993); Hallays, Le couvent; Jacques Vanuxem, Saint-Joseph des Carmes (Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1946). Since 1875 the church has been part of the Institut Catholique de Paris. 25 The dome is made of wood covered in plaster. The first dome in Paris was at the chapel des Louanges at the convent of the Petits-Augustins from 1608. 26 The paintings in the crossing were done by the Flemish painters Bertholet Flémalle and Walthère Damery. The dome depicts the prophet Elijah rising to the sky on a chariot of fire while the drum shows the prophet’s disciples. The pendentives show scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary, St. Teresa, St. John of the Cross, and St. Mary Magdelene of Pazzi. For the paintings, see Biver, Abbayes, 406; Boinet, Églises parisiennes, 59. For Carmelite art in general, 150
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FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of
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Jacobins of the rue Saint-Honoré 1
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14. Clément Métezeau and Jacques
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45. Simon Vouet, Apotheosis of St.
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79. After Claude Chastillon, Carose
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ABSTRACT This study examines early
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The Buildings Of the ten newly-buil
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The Patrons: Maria de’ Medici and
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has been the focus of a wealth of a
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Although studies employing contextu
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the Society. By dedicating royal fu
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1 Marie-Laure Deschamps-Bourgeon, "
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de' Medici (Princeton, New Jersey:
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CHAPTER 2 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT: F
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in the last twenty years as a serio
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pattern that would be repeated in e
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The Reign of Henri IV The move from
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The king’s second major accomplis
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etween Philip IV (1285-1314) and Po
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universal Church, he was recognized
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houses in Italy and Spain, these re
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Although concerns over internationa
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Although Maria never claimed to bel
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suggestions but leave the decisions
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as a double feast. 100 The king’s
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1 I use the terms Catholic Reform a
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20 Henri III was the third of four
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46 Beaune, Ideology, 176. 47 For th
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70 Hayden, "Continuity," 12. 71 Lou
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Jean Héroard, ed. Edouard de Barth
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which uses the seventeenth-century
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a more appropriate location. 11 In
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etween the Oratory’s founder and
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seventeenth century, prompting scho
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façade drew visual emphasis to the
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The emblem continued to be included
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esidence. Similar to its use in ant
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courts, attended a similar ceremony
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of the society were planning regici
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Upon reentering the royal council i
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emind him that at present there was
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1 Fumaroli, "Cross," 88-102; Le Pas
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the church, including the interior
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31 Archives Nationales, MM 600, Vis
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51 For twin-towered facades associa
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Marilyn Aronberg Lavin (New York: I
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99 Archives Nationales MM 562 f. 3-
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125 Archives Nationales MM 623 f. 9
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By examining the precise manner of
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arcade, replacing it with a project
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a halo surrounding his head. The me
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place, the event was the first time
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Although David and Solomon had trad
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on the robe and crown and at the en
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Page 131 and 132: 88 Laurence Brockliss, "Richelieu,
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Page 173 and 174: eign of Louis XIII. By looking at i
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Page 187 and 188: Scholarship shows that the reasons
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Page 195 and 196: 39 Jean-Pierre Camus, Premières ho
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Figure 11. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 13. Reconstructed map of the
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Figure 15. Saint-Germer-de-Fly, vie
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Figure 17. Sainte-Chapelle, upper c
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Figure 19. Jacques Lemercier, Churc
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Figure 21. Écu d’or of Louis XII
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Figure 23. Jacques Androuet du Cerc
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Figure 25. Map of territories durin
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Figure 27. Peter Paul Rubens, Trium
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Figure 29. Philippe de Champaigne,
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Figure 31. Saint Louis, obverse (le
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Figure 33. Andrea Sacchi and Jan Mi
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Figure 35. Foundation Stone of Sain
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Figure 37. G. Bonsegni, Il Gesù, r
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Figure 39. Detail of Kings rose win
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Figure 41. Etienne Martellange and
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Figure 43. Edme Moreau, High Altar
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Figure 45. Simon Vouet, The Apotheo
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Figure 51. Michel Corneille, St. Lo
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Figure 53. Studio of Simon Vouet, L
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Figure 57. Plan of the Church of th
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Figure 59. Plan of Saint-Joseph-des
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Figure 61. Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes,
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Figure 63. After Jean Marot, Eglise
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Figure 65. Jean-Baptiste-Michel Jai
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Figure 67. Jean-Aimar Piganiol de l
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Figure 69. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 71. Nicolas-Michel Troche, F
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Figure 73. Henri de Gisors, detail
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Figure 75. Jacques de Bie, Device f
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Figure 77. Plan of the church of No
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Figure 79. After Claude Chastillon,
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Figure 81. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 83. Current plan of Notre-Da
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Figure 85. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 87. Foundation Stone of Notr
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Figure 89. Detail of a window at th
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Figure 91. E. Viollet-le-Duc, Recon
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Figure 93. Israël Silvestre, Vue d
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Figure 95. Plan de l’eglise de No
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1589 Henri IV becomes king of Franc
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Bibliothèque nationale de France D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Archival Sources Archi
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Théveneau, Adam. Les Précepts du
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Billot, Claudine. "La fondation de
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Brunel, Georges. Dictionnaire des
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Currier, Charles Warren. History of
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Freiberg, Jack. The Lateran in 1600
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Johnson, Géraldine A. "Imagining I
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Lonergan, Walter F. Historic Church
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Montgolfier, Bernard de, ed. Saint-
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Romier, Lucien. Les origines politi
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Turchetti, Mario. "Middle Parties i
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Education: Teaching Experience: Nat
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