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king. In 1633 Louis XIII, marking the kingdom’s new stance against expanding Habsburg forces, sent troops into Lorraine, forcing its leaders to flee and securing it as a French province the following year. With the guarantee of lucrative positions for his favorites, Gaston returned to his homeland in 1634, agreeing to the Parlement of Paris’s terms annulling his marriage to Marguerite. While Louis XIII’s goal of avoiding outright war with his greatest rival lasted for several years, in the end Spain forced the king’s hand, making France declare war. The offending incident was the Spanish entry into Trier in March 1635, a Protestant state that had placed itself under the protection of the French king. 88 The blatant incursion against a territory under the defense of France prompted an official declaration of war against Spain in May of the same year, initiating a formal campaign between the two states that would only be settled in 1659. As Louis XIII’s concerns over familial conflicts and religious divisions lessened, the king became increasingly involved with the Thirty Years’ War. Mirroring these developments were changes in the types of ecclesiastical architecture supported by the French monarch. No longer were churches for reformed religious orders the focus of his patronage, but instead Louis XIII channeled royal resources into those examples of sacred architecture that would best advance France’s privileged status among all Christian nations. Conclusion The impact that Louis XIII’s support of churches during the 1630s had on the outcome of the Thirty Years’ War is not conclusive. While the king’s promotion of the Sainte-Chapelle, the chapel of the Sorbonne, and Notre-Dame-des-Victoires certainly did little to dissuade Philip IV from pursuing his territorial expansion, by the early 1640s Spain’s position in the war had deteriorated. 89 Although the war between the two states would only end officially in 1659, the people of France may have interpreted the royal patronage of three of the most important churches to the monarchy as factors contributing to the long Spanish decline. Another issue contributing to the ambiguous impact of the king’s support was the death of Louis XIII in 1643, only five years after his last major act of patronage at Notre-Dame-de- Paris. Would Louis have continued to provide aid to churches, and if so, what type of ecclesiastical institutions would have received the funding? Despite the king’s failing health and 177
his preoccupation with the war, Louis’s past actions suggest that had he had time he would have continued to use churches as tools demonstrating his political agenda, focusing on those that would advance the kingdom of France. Although my argument that Louis XIII’s support of churches had an impact on the Habsburg states is hypothetical, royal patronage certainly affected the people of France, most notably Queen Anne of Austria. As regent for the minor Louis XIV, she maintained her husband’s wars against the Habsburgs forces. This course of action was unexpected, considering that the queen just four days after the death of Louis XIII had the Paris Parlement overturn the king’s mandate that following his demise a council would continue his prescribed policy on all issues of foreign policy. 90 Thus Anne of Austria and her closest adviser Cardinal Jules Mazarin acquired all authority over the fate of France’s involvement in the war. Further contributing to the surprise behind the queen’s actions was the fact that the leaders of the enemy forces were her brother King Philip IV of Spain and her brother-in-law Emperor Ferdinand III of Austria. 91 With the guidance of Mazarin but also aware of the kingdom’s preeminent place of power in Christianity, Anne of Austria chose to continue the war. Armed with the knowledge of Louis XIII’s patronage of churches and my assertion that it was aimed at sending a message to foreign states, it is possible to conjecture that the queen was influenced by her husband’s support of the Sainte-Chapelle, the Sorbonne, and Notre-Dame-de-Paris. An additional sign that Louis XIII’s patronage of ecclesiastical architecture had an impact on the queen was her support of religious institutions. The most well known of these examples is the Val-de-Grâce, begun in 1645 by François Mansart in fulfillment of a vow for the birth of Louis XIV (fig. 98). 92 But the queen also brought prestige to the reformed Augustinians, visiting Notre-Dame-des-Victoires numerous times and establishing a confraternity there in 1656. 93 Indeed following the death of Louis XIII, Anne of Austria went to the church for various services at least thirteen times. Although she never provided any financial assistance for construction, the queen’s association with the monastery endowed it with prestige, reiterating the influence conveyed by royal patronage. 178
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FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of
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Jacobins of the rue Saint-Honoré 1
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14. Clément Métezeau and Jacques
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45. Simon Vouet, Apotheosis of St.
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79. After Claude Chastillon, Carose
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ABSTRACT This study examines early
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The Buildings Of the ten newly-buil
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The Patrons: Maria de’ Medici and
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has been the focus of a wealth of a
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Although studies employing contextu
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the Society. By dedicating royal fu
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1 Marie-Laure Deschamps-Bourgeon, "
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de' Medici (Princeton, New Jersey:
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CHAPTER 2 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT: F
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in the last twenty years as a serio
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pattern that would be repeated in e
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The Reign of Henri IV The move from
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The king’s second major accomplis
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etween Philip IV (1285-1314) and Po
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universal Church, he was recognized
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houses in Italy and Spain, these re
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Although concerns over internationa
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Although Maria never claimed to bel
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suggestions but leave the decisions
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as a double feast. 100 The king’s
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1 I use the terms Catholic Reform a
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20 Henri III was the third of four
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46 Beaune, Ideology, 176. 47 For th
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70 Hayden, "Continuity," 12. 71 Lou
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Jean Héroard, ed. Edouard de Barth
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which uses the seventeenth-century
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a more appropriate location. 11 In
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etween the Oratory’s founder and
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seventeenth century, prompting scho
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façade drew visual emphasis to the
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The emblem continued to be included
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esidence. Similar to its use in ant
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courts, attended a similar ceremony
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of the society were planning regici
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Upon reentering the royal council i
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emind him that at present there was
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1 Fumaroli, "Cross," 88-102; Le Pas
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the church, including the interior
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31 Archives Nationales, MM 600, Vis
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51 For twin-towered facades associa
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Marilyn Aronberg Lavin (New York: I
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99 Archives Nationales MM 562 f. 3-
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125 Archives Nationales MM 623 f. 9
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By examining the precise manner of
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arcade, replacing it with a project
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a halo surrounding his head. The me
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place, the event was the first time
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Although David and Solomon had trad
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on the robe and crown and at the en
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king, who backed the Protestant Hen
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Catholic world, any objection it ma
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The current arrangement of the apse
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L surmounted by a royal crown and f
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figure first occurred in the west o
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the façade reiterates the place of
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1 Today it is the parish church of
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discussion of the plan and its popu
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43 For Philip II as Solomon and the
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67 The Jesuit foundations building
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88 Laurence Brockliss, "Richelieu,
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110 For the meaning of the central
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135 For a discussion of Richelieu
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had exercised by the end of the reg
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Page 143 and 144: The queen would have also welcomed
Page 145 and 146: Like Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes the re
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Page 153 and 154: The queen certainly believed that s
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Page 161 and 162: 1 The dates represent the start of
Page 163 and 164: 17 “MARIA MEDICAEA, PIENTISSIMA E
Page 165 and 166: Baptiste-Michel Renou de Chevigné
Page 167 and 168: du Roi des Rois pour la conservatri
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Page 173 and 174: eign of Louis XIII. By looking at i
Page 175 and 176: choir are two additional rooms. Tho
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Page 187 and 188: Scholarship shows that the reasons
Page 189: with Cardinal Richelieu, who refuse
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Page 195 and 196: 39 Jean-Pierre Camus, Premières ho
Page 197 and 198: Amos, Funerals, Politics, and Memor
Page 199 and 200: cardinal; see Paul de Musset, Puyla
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Page 203 and 204: Figure 1. Philippe de Champaigne, L
Page 205 and 206: Figure 3. Frans Pourbus the Younger
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Page 209 and 210: Figure 7. Jean Marot, Veue de l’
Page 211 and 212: Figure 9. Clément Métezeau and Ja
Page 213 and 214: Figure 11. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
Page 215 and 216: Figure 13. Reconstructed map of the
Page 217 and 218: Figure 15. Saint-Germer-de-Fly, vie
Page 219 and 220: Figure 17. Sainte-Chapelle, upper c
Page 221 and 222: Figure 19. Jacques Lemercier, Churc
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Page 225 and 226: Figure 23. Jacques Androuet du Cerc
Page 227 and 228: Figure 25. Map of territories durin
Page 229 and 230: Figure 27. Peter Paul Rubens, Trium
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Figure 39. Detail of Kings rose win
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Figure 41. Etienne Martellange and
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Figure 43. Edme Moreau, High Altar
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Figure 45. Simon Vouet, The Apotheo
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Figure 51. Michel Corneille, St. Lo
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Figure 53. Studio of Simon Vouet, L
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Figure 57. Plan of the Church of th
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Figure 59. Plan of Saint-Joseph-des
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Figure 61. Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes,
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Figure 63. After Jean Marot, Eglise
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Figure 65. Jean-Baptiste-Michel Jai
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Figure 67. Jean-Aimar Piganiol de l
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Figure 69. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 71. Nicolas-Michel Troche, F
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Figure 73. Henri de Gisors, detail
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Figure 75. Jacques de Bie, Device f
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Figure 77. Plan of the church of No
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Figure 79. After Claude Chastillon,
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Figure 81. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 83. Current plan of Notre-Da
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Figure 85. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 87. Foundation Stone of Notr
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Figure 89. Detail of a window at th
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Figure 91. E. Viollet-le-Duc, Recon
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Figure 93. Israël Silvestre, Vue d
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Figure 95. Plan de l’eglise de No
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1589 Henri IV becomes king of Franc
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Bibliothèque nationale de France D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Archival Sources Archi
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Théveneau, Adam. Les Précepts du
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Billot, Claudine. "La fondation de
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Brunel, Georges. Dictionnaire des
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Currier, Charles Warren. History of
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Freiberg, Jack. The Lateran in 1600
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Johnson, Géraldine A. "Imagining I
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Lonergan, Walter F. Historic Church
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Montgolfier, Bernard de, ed. Saint-
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Romier, Lucien. Les origines politi
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Turchetti, Mario. "Middle Parties i
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Education: Teaching Experience: Nat
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