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71 Cesare Ripa, Iconologie, ou explication nouvelle de plusieurs images, emblèmes, et autre
figures (Paris: Mathieu Guillemot, 1644), 33-34.
72 Bonardi, "Essai d'iconographie," 643.
73 For works that cite the pelican as a symbol of Maria de’ Medici’s charity, see ibid; Portier and
Ricoeur, Le pélican, 127.
74 For the pelican as a symbol of a ruler’s sacrifice for the good of his or her people, see Arranz,
"Emblematic Animals," 97-98; Daniel S. Russell, "Perceiving, Seeing and Meaning: Emblems
and Some Approaches to Reading Early Modern Culture," in Aspects of Renaissance and
Baroque Symbol Theory, 1500-1700, ed. Peter M. Daly and John Manning (New York: AMS
Press, 1999), 78.
75 Scholars attribute Louis XIII’s decision to allow his mother to join the royal council to filial
duty following her exile after the coup d’état in 1617.
76 For the Religious of St. Elizabeth, see Helyot, Dictionnaire, 2:144-50. For the establishment of
the convent in Paris, see Biver, Abbayes, 128-29; Boinet, Églises parisiennes, 136-37; Jaillot,
Recherches critiques, 4:38-40; Piganiol de la Force, Description historique, 4:356-59.
77 Boinet, Églises parisiennes, 136.
78 For the church, see Biver, Abbayes, 128-30; Boinet, Églises parisiennes, 137-46; Edouard-
Jacques Ciprut, "Les constructeurs de l'église Sainte-Élisabeth à Paris," Bulletin de la Société de
l'Histoire de l'Art Français (1954): 186-201; Dumolin and Outardel, Églises de France, 140-42;
Hautecoeur, Architecture classique, 1, pt. 3:224.
79 The church, which was used as state property during the French Revolution, underwent
significant remodeling in the nineteenth century. Today it is a single nave church of four bays
flanked by chapels on each side. It terminates in a semi-circular apse followed by an
ambulatory. Only the first three bays of the nave and the four side chapels to the north represent
the original seventeenth-century church. For the history of the church following the seventeenth
century, see Boinet, Églises parisiennes, 139; Dumolin and Outardel, Églises de France, 141-42.
80 For the medal, see Johann David Köhlers, "Eine vortrefliche Medaille von der Königin in
Frankreich, Maria de' Medices, als Wittwe," Der Wöchentlichen historischen Münz-Belustigung
(1731): 393-94; Mazerolle, Médailleurs français, 2:no. 695.
81 Several other cases exist in which a document records a medal but the actual object can no
longer be found. Among these is a variant of Pisanello’s medal of John VIII Paleologus (1438-
1439), owned by Paolo Giovio, who cites its existence in a letter quoted by Vasari; see Irving
Lavin, "Pisanello and the Invention of the Renaissance Medal," in Italienische Frührenaissance
und nordeuropäisches Spätmittelalter: Kunst der frühen Neuzeit im europaïschen
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