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20 Henri III was the third of four sons from the marriage of Henri II and Catherine de’ Medici.
He came to the throne following the death of his brother Charles IX in 1574.
21 League is from the French ligue. For an introduction to the League, see Mark Greengrass,
France in the Age of Henri IV: The Struggle for Stability, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1995),
42-72. For more specialized studies, see Jean-Marie Constant, La Ligue (Paris: Fayard, 1996);
Nicolas Le Roux, "The Catholic Nobility and Political Choice during the League, 1585-1594:
The Case of Claude de La Châtre," French History 8 (1994): 34-50.
22 The alliance is known as the Treaty of Joinville (signed 31 December 1584), which
committed Spain and the French Catholic League to defend the Catholic faith and to extirpate
Protestantism from France and the Netherlands. For more on this alliance, see Knecht, Civil
Wars, 219; Geoffrey Parker, The Grand Strategy of Philip II (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1998), 172.
23 This act was known as the Law of Catholicity, which was published in a manifesto in 1585.
For more on these events, see Wolfe, Conversion, 36-38.
24 Holt, French Wars, 131-35.
25 For Henri’s conversion to Catholicism, see Wolfe, Conversion, 123-58. For Henri’s
absolution by Pope Clement VIII, see ibid., 172-76.
26 For Henri IV as an absolute ruler and the degree to which his rule was complete, see Hilary
Ballon, The Paris of Henri IV: Architecture and Urbanism (New York; Cambridge, MA:
Architectural History Foundation; MIT Press, 1991), 3-4; Wolfe, Conversion, 1-5, 190-91.
27 For this interpretation of Henri IV’s conversion, see Jean Pierre Babelon, Henri IV (Paris:
Fayard, 1982); Janine Garrisson, Henri IV (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1984); Quentin Hurst, Henry
of Navarre (London: Hodder and Soughton, 1937); Auguste Poirson, Histoire du règne de Henri
IV, 4 vols. (Paris: Didier, 1865-1866).
28 For a summary of the literature, see Ronald S. Love, "Winning the Catholics: Henri IV and
the Religious Dilemma in August 1589," Canadian Journal of History 24 (1989): 362-63.
29 For scholarship that applies this approach to Henri IV, see Ronald S. Love, Blood and
Religion: The Conscience of Henri IV 1553-1593 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press,
2001); Love, "Winning the Catholics," 361-79; Nora M. Sutherland, Henry IV of France and the
Politics of Religion, 1572-1596, 2 vols. (Bristol, UK: Elm Bank, 2002); Wolfe, Conversion.
30 For a summary of the major articles of the Edict of Nantes and reactions to the
proclamation’s impact on Protestants and Catholics, see Roland Mousnier, The Assassination of
Henry IV. The Tyrannicide Problem and the Consolidation of the French Absolute Monarchy in
the Early Seventeenth Century, trans. Joan Spencer (London: Faber and Faber, 1973), 143-58.
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