florida state university college of visual arts, theatre and dance ...

51 For twin-towered facades associated with royal patronage, see Jack Freiberg, The Lateran in
1600: Christian Concord in Counter-Reformation Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1995), 14; E. Baldwin Smith, Architectural Symbolism of Imperial Rome and the Middle
Ages (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1956), 77-92.
52 Adding towers to St. Peter’s Basilica had been a feature of the project from the mid-fifteenth
century. For the meaning of the twin towers at the basilica and the pope’s reasons for adding
them, see McPhee, Bernini, 190-208.
53 Multiple stories exist for the French legend of the fleur-de-lis. For a discussion of the history
and symbolism of the fleur-de-lis in France, see Beaune, Ideology, 201-25; Anne Lombard-
Jourdan, Fleur de lis et oriflamme: signes célestes du royaume de France (Paris: CNRS éditions,
2002).
54 The king’s anointment with the holy chrism at his coronation stems from the legend that on the
day Clovis was to be baptized a dove descended from heaven carrying an ampoule filled with the
oil. Supposedly, French kings continued to be anointed with this same holy chrism at each
coronation ceremony. For more on these miracles and the privileges they bestowed on the
monarchy, see Beaune, Ideology, 77-79; Bloch, Royal Touch; Jackson, Vive le roi, 22, 33.
55
For the fleur-de-lis as a sign of God’s special approval of France, see Beaune, Ideology, 219;
Jackson, Vive le roi, 33.
56 To my knowledge, the Sainte-Chapelle is the earliest example of a royal building using the
fleur-de-lis as part of a program depicting royal power. For this aspect of the artistic program,
see Beat Brenk, "The Sainte-Chapelle as a Capetian Political Program," in Artistic Integration in
Gothic Buildings, ed. Virginia Chieffo Raguin, Kathryn Brush, and Peter Draper (Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 1995), 201-02.
At Saint-Denis, Sumner Mcknight Crosby found reliefs resembling fleurs-de-lis on column bases
in the eighth-century church and on one capital in the twelfth-century church. Due to the early
date of the eighth-century examples and the isolated twelfth-century example, it is difficult to say
that these reliefs were meant to represent the monarchy. For these reliefs, see Sumner McKnight
Crosby and Pamela Z. Blum, The Royal Abbey of Saint-Denis: From its Beginnings to the Death
of Suger, 475-1151 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), 72, 76, 147.
57 For the fleur-de-lis in the thirteenth-century church of Saint-Denis, see Caroline Astrid
Bruzelius, The Thirteenth-Century Church at St-Denis (New Haven: Yale University Press,
1985), 12, 72.
58 The Joyenval convent claimed to have the original fleur-de-lis shield given to Clovis during
the battle. For more on the legend and the relic, see Beaune, Ideology, 215-17, 21-23.
59 Bos, Églises flamboyantes, 301-02.
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