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1621 the growing Habsburg territories made Louis realize that Spanish and Austrian expansion were more threatening to France than the disloyalty of the members of the Reformed faith. From this point on, Louis worked against Habsburg interests during the first phase of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1630). 106 Although more than a decade would pass before France officially entered the war, the king demonstrated his disfavor with Austria and Spain by strengthening the state’s ties with the Protestant Dutch Republic, the Gray leagues in the Alps, and the Rhenish and Upper Palatinates in Germany. He also forged new coalitions with Savoy and Venice. At the same time he distanced France from the papacy by favoring Protestant control of the Val Tellina passes in northern Italy. As the “most Christian king” of the most Christian nation, Louis recognized the potential value of building churches to express his state goals. His royal patronage reinforced his commitment to the Catholic faith. While the French dévots and other Catholic states might have doubted the king’s sincerity given his toleration of Protestantism, by helping to build churches in his capital city Louis XIII publicly stated his commitment to his religious beliefs. His support of churches also buttressed the traditional role of Catholicism in the French kingdom, strengthening the close associations between the Gallican Church and the royal house. This became of utmost importance to Louis as first his mother and the dévots and later Habsburg Europe challenged his authority. Building churches in his capital allowed the king to emphasize the storied connection between Christianity and the crown, reminding would-be challengers of his sacerdotal status and his divine right to complete authority within his realm. In the following chapters I will further explore the connection between the French monarchs and ecclesiastical architecture. The study of each church will investigate the building’s painting, sculpture, and architecture, demonstrating how each place of worship can be understood as a political statement revealing the goals of its patron. 39
1 I use the terms Catholic Reform and Catholic Reformation instead of Counter-Reformation throughout this work because they suggest that this period in the history of the Catholic Church was not merely a response to the Protestant Reformation but that the Church was also making significant reform efforts. For more on the use of these terms, see Robert Bireley, The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450-1700: A Reassessment of the Counter Reformation (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1999), 2-8; Louis Chatellier, The Europe of the Devout: The Catholic Reformation and the Formation of a New Society, trans. Jean Birrell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), ix. 2 For recent general studies of the French Wars of Religion, see Philip Benedict, "The Wars of Religion, 1562-1598," in Renaissance and Reformation France, 1500-1648, ed. Mack P. Holt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 147-75; Denis Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu: la violence au temps des troubles de religion, vers 1525-vers 1610, 2 vols. (Seyssel: Champ Vallon, 1990); Barbara B. Diefendorf, "The Religious Wars in France," in A Companion to the Reformation World, ed. R. Po-chia Hsia (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004), 150-68; Holt, French Wars; Robert J. Knecht, The French Civil Wars, 1562-1598 (Harlow, England: Pearson, 2000); J. H. M. Salmon, Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century (New York: St. Martin's, 1975). 3 For two interpretations stressing the political motivations of the Wars of Religion, see Arlette Jouanna, Le devoir de révolte: La noblesse française et la gestation de l'état modern, 1559-1661 (Paris: Fayard, 1989); Lucien Romier, Les origines politiques des guerres de religion, 2 vols. (Paris: Perrin, 1913-1914). 4 Natalie Zemon Davis, "The Rites of Violence: Religious Riot in Sixteenth-Century France," in Society and Culture in Early Modern France, ed. Natalie Zemon Davis (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976), 152-87; Barbara B. Diefendorf, Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991); Denis Richet, "Aspects socio-culturels des conflits religieux à Paris dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle," Annales, économies, sociétés, civilisations 32 (1977): 764-89. 5 Crouzet, Guerriers. 6 Holt, French Wars. For an additional interpretation of religious and social issues, see Philip Benedict, Rouen during the Wars of Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980). 7 The phrase “three-sided” struggle is used in Diefendorf, Penitence, 30; Diefendorf, "Religious Wars," 163. For additional references to the three sides of the Wars of Religion, see Benedict, "Wars of Religion," 161-63; Crouzet, Guerriers, 2: 367, 550-73; Holt, French Wars, 126-27; Knecht, Civil Wars, 181, 252-53. 8 Knecht, Civil Wars, 44-63. 40
Page 1 and 2: FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of
Page 5 and 6: Jacobins of the rue Saint-Honoré 1
Page 7 and 8: 14. Clément Métezeau and Jacques
Page 9 and 10: 45. Simon Vouet, Apotheosis of St.
Page 11 and 12: 79. After Claude Chastillon, Carose
Page 13 and 14: ABSTRACT This study examines early
Page 15 and 16: The Buildings Of the ten newly-buil
Page 17 and 18: The Patrons: Maria de’ Medici and
Page 19 and 20: has been the focus of a wealth of a
Page 21 and 22: Although studies employing contextu
Page 23 and 24: the Society. By dedicating royal fu
Page 25 and 26: 1 Marie-Laure Deschamps-Bourgeon, "
Page 27 and 28: de' Medici (Princeton, New Jersey:
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 2 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT: F
Page 31 and 32: in the last twenty years as a serio
Page 33 and 34: pattern that would be repeated in e
Page 35 and 36: The Reign of Henri IV The move from
Page 37 and 38: The king’s second major accomplis
Page 39 and 40: etween Philip IV (1285-1314) and Po
Page 41 and 42: universal Church, he was recognized
Page 43 and 44: houses in Italy and Spain, these re
Page 45 and 46: Although concerns over internationa
Page 47 and 48: Although Maria never claimed to bel
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Page 51: as a double feast. 100 The king’s
Page 55 and 56: 20 Henri III was the third of four
Page 57 and 58: 46 Beaune, Ideology, 176. 47 For th
Page 59 and 60: 70 Hayden, "Continuity," 12. 71 Lou
Page 61 and 62: Jean Héroard, ed. Edouard de Barth
Page 63 and 64: which uses the seventeenth-century
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Page 67 and 68: etween the Oratory’s founder and
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Page 73 and 74: The emblem continued to be included
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Page 79 and 80: of the society were planning regici
Page 81 and 82: Upon reentering the royal council i
Page 83 and 84: emind him that at present there was
Page 85 and 86: 1 Fumaroli, "Cross," 88-102; Le Pas
Page 87 and 88: the church, including the interior
Page 89 and 90: 31 Archives Nationales, MM 600, Vis
Page 91 and 92: 51 For twin-towered facades associa
Page 93 and 94: Marilyn Aronberg Lavin (New York: I
Page 95 and 96: 99 Archives Nationales MM 562 f. 3-
Page 97 and 98: 125 Archives Nationales MM 623 f. 9
Page 99 and 100: By examining the precise manner of
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a halo surrounding his head. The me
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place, the event was the first time
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Although David and Solomon had trad
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on the robe and crown and at the en
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king, who backed the Protestant Hen
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Catholic world, any objection it ma
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The current arrangement of the apse
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L surmounted by a royal crown and f
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figure first occurred in the west o
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the façade reiterates the place of
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1 Today it is the parish church of
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discussion of the plan and its popu
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43 For Philip II as Solomon and the
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67 The Jesuit foundations building
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88 Laurence Brockliss, "Richelieu,
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110 For the meaning of the central
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135 For a discussion of Richelieu
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had exercised by the end of the reg
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King Louis XI (1461-1483) and immed
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in the fifteenth century and most r
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The queen would have also welcomed
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Like Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes the re
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and pierced with windows. The faça
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protector and establishing a close
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and in the entablature of the choir
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The queen certainly believed that s
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the image the rectangular foundatio
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Medici’s patronage of the Religio
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use her support of the Religious of
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1 The dates represent the start of
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17 “MARIA MEDICAEA, PIENTISSIMA E
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Baptiste-Michel Renou de Chevigné
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du Roi des Rois pour la conservatri
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Zusammenhang, ed. Joachim Poeschke
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CHAPTER 6 FROM NOTRE-DAME-DES-VICTO
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eign of Louis XIII. By looking at i
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choir are two additional rooms. Tho
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Moreover not all foundation stones
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Additional Churches supported by Lo
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palace chapel at Versailles, design
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founding, was first supported by St
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its position within the kingdom. In
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Scholarship shows that the reasons
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with Cardinal Richelieu, who refuse
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his preoccupation with the war, Lou
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12 Barbiche, "Augustins déchaussé
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39 Jean-Pierre Camus, Premières ho
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Amos, Funerals, Politics, and Memor
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cardinal; see Paul de Musset, Puyla
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One of the key contributions of thi
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Figure 1. Philippe de Champaigne, L
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Figure 3. Frans Pourbus the Younger
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Figure 5. French School, Pierre de
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Figure 7. Jean Marot, Veue de l’
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Figure 9. Clément Métezeau and Ja
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Figure 11. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 13. Reconstructed map of the
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Figure 15. Saint-Germer-de-Fly, vie
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Figure 17. Sainte-Chapelle, upper c
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Figure 19. Jacques Lemercier, Churc
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Figure 21. Écu d’or of Louis XII
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Figure 23. Jacques Androuet du Cerc
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Figure 25. Map of territories durin
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Figure 27. Peter Paul Rubens, Trium
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Figure 29. Philippe de Champaigne,
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Figure 31. Saint Louis, obverse (le
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Figure 33. Andrea Sacchi and Jan Mi
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Figure 35. Foundation Stone of Sain
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Figure 37. G. Bonsegni, Il Gesù, r
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Figure 39. Detail of Kings rose win
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Figure 41. Etienne Martellange and
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Figure 43. Edme Moreau, High Altar
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Figure 45. Simon Vouet, The Apotheo
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Figure 51. Michel Corneille, St. Lo
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Figure 53. Studio of Simon Vouet, L
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Figure 57. Plan of the Church of th
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Figure 59. Plan of Saint-Joseph-des
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Figure 61. Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes,
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Figure 63. After Jean Marot, Eglise
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Figure 65. Jean-Baptiste-Michel Jai
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Figure 67. Jean-Aimar Piganiol de l
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Figure 69. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 71. Nicolas-Michel Troche, F
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Figure 73. Henri de Gisors, detail
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Figure 75. Jacques de Bie, Device f
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Figure 77. Plan of the church of No
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Figure 79. After Claude Chastillon,
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Figure 81. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 83. Current plan of Notre-Da
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Figure 85. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 87. Foundation Stone of Notr
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Figure 89. Detail of a window at th
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Figure 91. E. Viollet-le-Duc, Recon
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Figure 93. Israël Silvestre, Vue d
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Figure 95. Plan de l’eglise de No
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1589 Henri IV becomes king of Franc
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Bibliothèque nationale de France D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Archival Sources Archi
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Théveneau, Adam. Les Précepts du
Page 307 and 308:
Billot, Claudine. "La fondation de
Page 309 and 310:
Brunel, Georges. Dictionnaire des
Page 311 and 312:
Currier, Charles Warren. History of
Page 313 and 314:
Freiberg, Jack. The Lateran in 1600
Page 315 and 316:
Johnson, Géraldine A. "Imagining I
Page 317 and 318:
Lonergan, Walter F. Historic Church
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Montgolfier, Bernard de, ed. Saint-
Page 321 and 322:
Romier, Lucien. Les origines politi
Page 323 and 324:
Turchetti, Mario. "Middle Parties i
Page 325 and 326:
Education: Teaching Experience: Nat
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