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the reasons for the queen’s shift in approach to adorning the churches, which I seek to resolve by examining the primary goals of the regency and those during the years in which she served on the king’s council. The Regent Queen’s Support of Churches, from 1610 to 1617 From 1610 to 1617, the period during which Maria de’ Medici reigned as regent for her son Louis XIII, the queen supported the construction of five churches for Parisian religious communities. This period also marked the beginning of her patronage of the Carmelite Convent of the faubourg Saint-Jacques, for which the queen would eventually commission a series of paintings by Philippe de Champaigne for the existing church. 7 French churches receiving royal support traditionally bore imagery in the form of royal arms, monograms, crowns, fleurs-de-lis, or other appropriate symbols, providing testimony of their illustrious patrons. Prior to the regency, this practice had occurred most recently at the church of the Hôpital St. Louis, begun in 1607 at the behest of Henri IV and which included on its façade the royal arms, statues of the king and queen, and an inscribed marble tablet honoring the reigning monarch (fig. 57). 8 Yet for those churches supported by Maria de’ Medici in the years immediately following the death of the king, visual and textual sources provide no indication that these buildings had any similar decoration. I propose that the dramatic shift away from royal tradition arose from the queen’s need to assert her right to rule as regent and her desire to promote the Catholic faith, factors that led her to prohibit the use of state imagery on the churches. Except for the chapel of the French Oratorians, discussed in chapter three, this section will examine the churches supported by Maria de’ Medici during the regency. For each church I will present its building history, focus on its state during the early seventeenth century, and establish the manner in which the queen provided aid. I will also consider the motives for the royal assistance. By examining the challenges of the regency and the objectives pursued by Maria de’ Medici during this period, I will address the reasons behind the range of churches the queen supported and why they lacked visual references to royal patronage. The Minims of the Place Royale The Order of the Minims, founded in Calabria in 1453 by St. Francis of Paula, was first established in France in 1482. The fathers arrived in the kingdom at the request of the ailing 125
King Louis XI (1461-1483) and immediately developed a close relationship with the crown. 9 The ties were maintained during subsequent reigns: Anne de Bretagne, wife of King Charles VIII (1483-1498), founded a monastery at Nigeon, and Henri III (1574-1589) followed with one at Vincennes. In 1609 shortly after the order’s establishment in the French capital Henri IV continued the royal connection, granting by letters patent the right of the order to found its Parisian house on a piece of land near the Place Royale and making a gift of twenty-four thousand livres to help with construction. 10 Though the Minims was not one of the newlyestablished reformed orders of the sixteenth century, it actively participated in the Catholic Reformation and contributed to the revitalization of the Church. 11 In September 1611 Jean de La Cross, Bishop of Grenoble, placed the first stone of the church of the Minims of the Place Royale, marking the start of construction. 12 Although the church would only be finished in 1677, substantial parts of the building were completed between 1611 and 1628, as shown on a reconstructed plan (fig. 58). During this time the Minims saw the erection of a church with a single nave of four bays flanked by side chapels surmounted by tribunes. The altar was placed in a rectangular choir, which was flanked by side chapels that would later form the transept. The design fused contemporary Italian models with traditional Gothic elements, combining Doric pilasters and a prominent entablature with ribbed vaults on the interior and with flying buttresses articulating the exterior (fig. 59). Beginning in 1630 additional sections were added to the existing structure, including three apsidal chapels and a projecting octagonal chapel on the left side of the nave. In 1657 work began on the grand portail designed by François Mansart and completed by Pierre Thévenot. Following the death of Henri IV, as the Minims prepared to start construction of their church, Maria de’ Medici sought to strengthen existing royal ties with the order by attempting to become the founder of the recently established monastery. To achieve this status, the queen had Louis XIII confirm the letters patent issued by his father while she repaid the Minims the expense they had incurred to acquire the land for their monastery. 13 She also expressed her desire to place the first stone of the church, a task which ultimately proved inconvenient due to health reasons and which was instead completed by the bishop of Grenoble in her name. 14 Despite her request to be the founder of the church, the order never granted Maria de’ Medici this distinction. Instead the duc de La Vieuville bought the title of founder from the monastery 126
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FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of
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Jacobins of the rue Saint-Honoré 1
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14. Clément Métezeau and Jacques
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45. Simon Vouet, Apotheosis of St.
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79. After Claude Chastillon, Carose
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ABSTRACT This study examines early
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The Buildings Of the ten newly-buil
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The Patrons: Maria de’ Medici and
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has been the focus of a wealth of a
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Although studies employing contextu
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the Society. By dedicating royal fu
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1 Marie-Laure Deschamps-Bourgeon, "
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de' Medici (Princeton, New Jersey:
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CHAPTER 2 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT: F
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in the last twenty years as a serio
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pattern that would be repeated in e
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The Reign of Henri IV The move from
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The king’s second major accomplis
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etween Philip IV (1285-1314) and Po
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universal Church, he was recognized
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houses in Italy and Spain, these re
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Although concerns over internationa
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Although Maria never claimed to bel
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suggestions but leave the decisions
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as a double feast. 100 The king’s
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1 I use the terms Catholic Reform a
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20 Henri III was the third of four
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46 Beaune, Ideology, 176. 47 For th
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70 Hayden, "Continuity," 12. 71 Lou
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Jean Héroard, ed. Edouard de Barth
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which uses the seventeenth-century
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a more appropriate location. 11 In
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etween the Oratory’s founder and
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seventeenth century, prompting scho
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façade drew visual emphasis to the
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The emblem continued to be included
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esidence. Similar to its use in ant
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courts, attended a similar ceremony
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of the society were planning regici
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Upon reentering the royal council i
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emind him that at present there was
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1 Fumaroli, "Cross," 88-102; Le Pas
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Page 89 and 90: 31 Archives Nationales, MM 600, Vis
Page 91 and 92: 51 For twin-towered facades associa
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Page 95 and 96: 99 Archives Nationales MM 562 f. 3-
Page 97 and 98: 125 Archives Nationales MM 623 f. 9
Page 99 and 100: By examining the precise manner of
Page 101 and 102: arcade, replacing it with a project
Page 103 and 104: a halo surrounding his head. The me
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Page 115 and 116: The current arrangement of the apse
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Page 119 and 120: figure first occurred in the west o
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Page 123 and 124: 1 Today it is the parish church of
Page 125 and 126: discussion of the plan and its popu
Page 127 and 128: 43 For Philip II as Solomon and the
Page 129 and 130: 67 The Jesuit foundations building
Page 131 and 132: 88 Laurence Brockliss, "Richelieu,
Page 133 and 134: 110 For the meaning of the central
Page 135 and 136: 135 For a discussion of Richelieu
Page 137: had exercised by the end of the reg
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Page 143 and 144: The queen would have also welcomed
Page 145 and 146: Like Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes the re
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Page 153 and 154: The queen certainly believed that s
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Page 159 and 160: use her support of the Religious of
Page 161 and 162: 1 The dates represent the start of
Page 163 and 164: 17 “MARIA MEDICAEA, PIENTISSIMA E
Page 165 and 166: Baptiste-Michel Renou de Chevigné
Page 167 and 168: du Roi des Rois pour la conservatri
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Page 173 and 174: eign of Louis XIII. By looking at i
Page 175 and 176: choir are two additional rooms. Tho
Page 177 and 178: Moreover not all foundation stones
Page 179 and 180: Additional Churches supported by Lo
Page 181 and 182: palace chapel at Versailles, design
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Page 185 and 186: its position within the kingdom. In
Page 187 and 188: Scholarship shows that the reasons
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with Cardinal Richelieu, who refuse
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his preoccupation with the war, Lou
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12 Barbiche, "Augustins déchaussé
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39 Jean-Pierre Camus, Premières ho
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Amos, Funerals, Politics, and Memor
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cardinal; see Paul de Musset, Puyla
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One of the key contributions of thi
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Figure 1. Philippe de Champaigne, L
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Figure 3. Frans Pourbus the Younger
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Figure 5. French School, Pierre de
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Figure 7. Jean Marot, Veue de l’
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Figure 9. Clément Métezeau and Ja
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Figure 11. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 13. Reconstructed map of the
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Figure 15. Saint-Germer-de-Fly, vie
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Figure 17. Sainte-Chapelle, upper c
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Figure 19. Jacques Lemercier, Churc
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Figure 21. Écu d’or of Louis XII
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Figure 23. Jacques Androuet du Cerc
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Figure 25. Map of territories durin
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Figure 27. Peter Paul Rubens, Trium
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Figure 29. Philippe de Champaigne,
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Figure 31. Saint Louis, obverse (le
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Figure 33. Andrea Sacchi and Jan Mi
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Figure 35. Foundation Stone of Sain
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Figure 37. G. Bonsegni, Il Gesù, r
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Figure 39. Detail of Kings rose win
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Figure 41. Etienne Martellange and
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Figure 43. Edme Moreau, High Altar
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Figure 45. Simon Vouet, The Apotheo
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Figure 51. Michel Corneille, St. Lo
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Figure 53. Studio of Simon Vouet, L
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Figure 57. Plan of the Church of th
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Figure 59. Plan of Saint-Joseph-des
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Figure 61. Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes,
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Figure 63. After Jean Marot, Eglise
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Figure 65. Jean-Baptiste-Michel Jai
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Figure 67. Jean-Aimar Piganiol de l
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Figure 69. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 71. Nicolas-Michel Troche, F
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Figure 73. Henri de Gisors, detail
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Figure 75. Jacques de Bie, Device f
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Figure 77. Plan of the church of No
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Figure 79. After Claude Chastillon,
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Figure 81. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 83. Current plan of Notre-Da
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Figure 85. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 87. Foundation Stone of Notr
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Figure 89. Detail of a window at th
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Figure 91. E. Viollet-le-Duc, Recon
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Figure 93. Israël Silvestre, Vue d
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Figure 95. Plan de l’eglise de No
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1589 Henri IV becomes king of Franc
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Bibliothèque nationale de France D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Archival Sources Archi
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Théveneau, Adam. Les Précepts du
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Billot, Claudine. "La fondation de
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Brunel, Georges. Dictionnaire des
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Currier, Charles Warren. History of
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Freiberg, Jack. The Lateran in 1600
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Johnson, Géraldine A. "Imagining I
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Lonergan, Walter F. Historic Church
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Montgolfier, Bernard de, ed. Saint-
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Romier, Lucien. Les origines politi
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Turchetti, Mario. "Middle Parties i
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Education: Teaching Experience: Nat
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