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Conclusion Undoubtedly, Louis XIII’s decision to turn the church of the French Oratory into a sign of his sovereign will made an impact on those to whom it was directed, albeit temporarily. By the end of the 1620s Maria de’ Medici was again seeking power and authority. Her goal was to make Michel de Marillac, the keeper of the seals and her personal favorite, the principal minister at the expense of Louis’s current choice, Cardinal Richelieu, who had effectively held this position since his entry to the royal council in 1624. 126 The Queen Mother’s persistent pursuit of the ministerial change led to a confrontation with Louis on 11 November 1630, known as the Day of Dupes, at which time Maria was forced to choose reconciliation with Richelieu or exile. 127 Thinking she could rally support from sympathetic European courts, Maria chose the latter and, failing to find the needed assistance, she ultimately died in obscurity in Cologne in 1643. The leader of the French Oratory gained renown and influence at the French court through his connections to Maria de’ Medici. Bérulle not only facilitated the diplomatic arrangements necessary for the marriage of Henriette of France, the sister of Louis XIII, to Charles Stuart, the heir to the English throne, he also helped negotiate a number of treaties between France and Spain. 128 Despite these achievements and the honor of a cardinalate in 1627, Bérulle’s religious motivation caused him to clash with Richelieu, leading the minister to greatly diminish his fellow cardinal’s influence at court. 129 Although Maria de’ Medici never achieved the power she sought and Pierre de Bérulle failed to create a united Catholic Europe, the church of the French Oratory remained an important institution for the French court. The royal status conferred by Louis XIII naming it the royal chapel made the church a popular place during the rest of his reign and that of Louis XIV, during which time the king’s mother, wife, and brother were all frequent visitors. 130 It fulfilled its duties as a palace chapel by hosting numerous members of the court, who came to participate in religious ceremonies, and by funeral services for many important figures, including Maria de’ Medici and Louis XIII. More importantly, the church became the first of several examples through which Louis XIII, exercising his sovereign rule, would use ecclesiastical architecture to demonstrate his political policies. 71
1 Fumaroli, "Cross," 88-102; Le Pas de Sécheval, "Politique artistique;”; Moote, Louis XIII. 2 The archives of the French Oratory are now held at the Archives Nationales. The most important documents for the architecture are found in series H 3579, MM 562, MM 600, and MM 623. Series MM 623, Annales de la Maison de l’Oratoire établie près le Louvre à Paris, is the source from which this study draws the most information. It provides chronological entries of numerous and varied events from 1611 to 1782. Important surveys of seventeenth-century Parisian ecclesiastical architecture that discuss the church of the Oratory include Biver, Abbayes, 497-506; Boinet, Eglises parisiennes, 78-93; Dumolin, Eglises de France, 131-34. Specialized architectural scholarship for the church includes Véronique de Becdelievre-Lambert, "Recherches sur l'œuvre architecturale de la Congrégation de l'Oratoire de France aux XVIIe et XVIII siècles, d'après le recueil des Archives nationales" (Thèse, Ecole nationale des chartes, 1977); Gady, Lemercier, 230-36; Ingold, Oratoire; Le Pas de Sécheval, "Politique artistique," 418-29. 3 Frédéric Cousinié, "'Vaste fracas d'ornements' ou 'fiction symbolique': le motif de la gloire dans les églises parisiennes des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles," in Histoires d'ornement: Actes du colloque de l'Académie de France à Rome Villa Medicis, 27-28 juin 1996, ed. Patrice Ceccarini (Paris; Rome: Klincksieck; Academie de France à Rome, 2000), 171-201; Jacques Foucart- Borville, "Les tempietti et sacraires eucharistiques dans la France des XVIe et XVIIe siècles," Gazette des Beaux-Arts 132, no. 1559 (1998): 245-56; Françoise de La Moureyre, "Les trois mausolées du Cardinal de Bérulle: nouveaux documents," Gazette des Beaux-Arts 118, no. 1475 (1991): 213-20. Rights to the chapels were sold for five hundred écus, which were used to help construct the church. The chapels, of which none were supported by the king, were sold to family members of the congregation or conservative French Catholic supporters of the congregation. For the sale of chapels, see Biver, Abbayes, 498-501; Boinet, Églises parisiennes; Église réformée de l'Oratoire du Louvre, (Paris: Association Presbytérale de l'Église Réformée de l'Oratoire du Louvre, 1999), 5-7. A simple high altarpiece and tabernacle are all that are known until 1684, when François Anguier replaced the existing ones. 4 Sources for Pierre de Bérulle and the French Oratory focus on their spiritual influence during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Important sources for this work include Jean Dagens, Bérulle et les origines de la restauration catholique (1575-1611) (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1952); Michel Houssaye, Le Père de Bérulle et l'Oratoire de Jésus. 1611-1625 (Paris: Plon, 1874); Michel Houssaye, M. de Bérulle et les Carmélites de France. 1575-1611 (Paris: Plon, 1872); Paul Albert Klevgard, "Society and Politics in Counter-Reformation France: A Study of 72
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FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of
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Jacobins of the rue Saint-Honoré 1
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14. Clément Métezeau and Jacques
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45. Simon Vouet, Apotheosis of St.
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79. After Claude Chastillon, Carose
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ABSTRACT This study examines early
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The Buildings Of the ten newly-buil
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The Patrons: Maria de’ Medici and
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has been the focus of a wealth of a
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Although studies employing contextu
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the Society. By dedicating royal fu
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1 Marie-Laure Deschamps-Bourgeon, "
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de' Medici (Princeton, New Jersey:
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CHAPTER 2 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT: F
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in the last twenty years as a serio
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Page 131 and 132: 88 Laurence Brockliss, "Richelieu,
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135 For a discussion of Richelieu
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had exercised by the end of the reg
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King Louis XI (1461-1483) and immed
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in the fifteenth century and most r
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The queen would have also welcomed
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Like Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes the re
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and pierced with windows. The faça
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protector and establishing a close
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and in the entablature of the choir
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The queen certainly believed that s
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the image the rectangular foundatio
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Medici’s patronage of the Religio
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use her support of the Religious of
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1 The dates represent the start of
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17 “MARIA MEDICAEA, PIENTISSIMA E
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Baptiste-Michel Renou de Chevigné
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du Roi des Rois pour la conservatri
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Zusammenhang, ed. Joachim Poeschke
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CHAPTER 6 FROM NOTRE-DAME-DES-VICTO
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eign of Louis XIII. By looking at i
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choir are two additional rooms. Tho
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Moreover not all foundation stones
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Additional Churches supported by Lo
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palace chapel at Versailles, design
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founding, was first supported by St
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its position within the kingdom. In
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Scholarship shows that the reasons
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with Cardinal Richelieu, who refuse
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his preoccupation with the war, Lou
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12 Barbiche, "Augustins déchaussé
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39 Jean-Pierre Camus, Premières ho
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Amos, Funerals, Politics, and Memor
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cardinal; see Paul de Musset, Puyla
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One of the key contributions of thi
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Figure 1. Philippe de Champaigne, L
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Figure 3. Frans Pourbus the Younger
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Figure 5. French School, Pierre de
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Figure 7. Jean Marot, Veue de l’
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Figure 9. Clément Métezeau and Ja
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Figure 11. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 13. Reconstructed map of the
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Figure 15. Saint-Germer-de-Fly, vie
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Figure 17. Sainte-Chapelle, upper c
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Figure 19. Jacques Lemercier, Churc
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Figure 21. Écu d’or of Louis XII
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Figure 23. Jacques Androuet du Cerc
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Figure 25. Map of territories durin
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Figure 27. Peter Paul Rubens, Trium
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Figure 29. Philippe de Champaigne,
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Figure 31. Saint Louis, obverse (le
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Figure 33. Andrea Sacchi and Jan Mi
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Figure 35. Foundation Stone of Sain
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Figure 37. G. Bonsegni, Il Gesù, r
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Figure 39. Detail of Kings rose win
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Figure 41. Etienne Martellange and
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Figure 43. Edme Moreau, High Altar
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Figure 45. Simon Vouet, The Apotheo
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Figure 51. Michel Corneille, St. Lo
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Figure 53. Studio of Simon Vouet, L
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Figure 57. Plan of the Church of th
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Figure 59. Plan of Saint-Joseph-des
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Figure 61. Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes,
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Figure 63. After Jean Marot, Eglise
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Figure 65. Jean-Baptiste-Michel Jai
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Figure 67. Jean-Aimar Piganiol de l
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Figure 69. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 71. Nicolas-Michel Troche, F
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Figure 73. Henri de Gisors, detail
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Figure 75. Jacques de Bie, Device f
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Figure 77. Plan of the church of No
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Figure 79. After Claude Chastillon,
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Figure 81. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 83. Current plan of Notre-Da
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Figure 85. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 87. Foundation Stone of Notr
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Figure 89. Detail of a window at th
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Figure 91. E. Viollet-le-Duc, Recon
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Figure 93. Israël Silvestre, Vue d
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Figure 95. Plan de l’eglise de No
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1589 Henri IV becomes king of Franc
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Bibliothèque nationale de France D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Archival Sources Archi
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Théveneau, Adam. Les Précepts du
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Billot, Claudine. "La fondation de
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Brunel, Georges. Dictionnaire des
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Currier, Charles Warren. History of
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Freiberg, Jack. The Lateran in 1600
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Johnson, Géraldine A. "Imagining I
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Lonergan, Walter F. Historic Church
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Montgolfier, Bernard de, ed. Saint-
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Romier, Lucien. Les origines politi
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Turchetti, Mario. "Middle Parties i
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Education: Teaching Experience: Nat
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