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23 For these types of studies on churches not covered in this work, see Martha Mel Edmunds, Piety and Politics: Imaging Divine Kingship in Louis XIV's Chapel at Versailles (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2002); Jennifer G. Germann, "The Val-de-Grâce as a Portrait of Anne of Austria: Queen, Queen Regent, Queen Mother," in Architecture and the Politics of Gender in Early Modern Europe, ed. Helen Hills (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003), 47-61. 24 John Alexander, "Shaping Sacred Space in the Sixteenth Century: Design Criteria for the Collegio Borromeo's Chapel," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 63 (2004): 164- 79; Gauvin Alexander Bailey, "'Le style jésuite n'existe pas': Jesuit Corporate Culture and the Visual Arts," in The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts 1540-1773, ed. John W. O'Malley et al. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 38-89; Jeffrey Chipps Smith, Sensuous Worship: Jesuits and the Art of the Early Catholic Reformation in Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002). 25 Charles E. Williams, The French Oratorians and Absolutism, 1611-1641 (New York: Peter Lang, 1989). 26 Eric Nelson, The Jesuits and the Monarchy: Catholic Reform and Political Authority in France (1590-1615) (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005). 27 For representative works of each of these others, see Diefendorf, Penitence; Mack P. Holt, The French Wars of Religion, 1562-1629 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Sharon Kettering, French Society, 1589-1715 (Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001); Michael Wolfe, The Conversion of Henri IV: Politics, Power, and Religious Belief in Early Modern France (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993). 28 Sharon Kettering, "Gift-Giving and Patronage in Early Modern France," French History 2, no. 2 (1988): 131-51. 15
CHAPTER 2 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT: FACTORS PROMPTING ROYAL PATRONAGE OF CHURCHES The regency of Queen Maria de’ Medici (1610-1617) and the personal reign of her son King Louis XIII (1617-1643) each began on shaky ground: Maria ruled following the assassination of her husband King Henri IV (1589-1610), and Louis assumed full control of the throne after a coup d’état exiling his mother. Each change of power placed the kingdom of France in the hands of a relatively inexperienced ruler whose lack of governmental control, combined with the realm’s political uncertainty and religious divisions, made the country vulnerable to civil disorder and foreign invasion. As part of their efforts to overcome these obstacles, the queen and king required visual tools that could communicate their individual agendas to the public, functioning as symbols of the most pressing concerns of each of their reigns. Among the methods they both chose was the patronage of Parisian churches. The decision to use ecclesiastical architecture as a means of expressing their individual goals was the outcome of certain crucial developments in French history emerging in the halfcentury before the two reigns—the Wars of Religion, the rise and reign of Henri IV, and the effect of the Catholic Reformation in France, especially Paris. 1 The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how these issues continued to exert influence on the seventeenth-century monarchs’ reigns, contributing to the king and queen’s decisions to provide assistance for churches. By also examining the monarchs’ approach to foreign affairs and religious divisions during the respective reigns, this chapter will show the manner in which the distinctive handling by Maria and Louis of each issue further led them to support religious institutions. As I will demonstrate in this and later chapters, they chose to become patrons of new churches to express visually their personal monarchical goals, which for Maria was the assertion of her own power and the promotion of a strong Catholic Europe, while for Louis it was an autonomous and loyal state. To show how the religious and political issues affecting Maria de’ Medici and Louis XIII drove the monarchs to use churches as tools during each of their reigns, I draw from secondary sources of French history. While the scholarship for this period acknowledges the intricate 16
Page 1 and 2: FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of
Page 5 and 6: Jacobins of the rue Saint-Honoré 1
Page 7 and 8: 14. Clément Métezeau and Jacques
Page 9 and 10: 45. Simon Vouet, Apotheosis of St.
Page 11 and 12: 79. After Claude Chastillon, Carose
Page 13 and 14: ABSTRACT This study examines early
Page 15 and 16: The Buildings Of the ten newly-buil
Page 17 and 18: The Patrons: Maria de’ Medici and
Page 19 and 20: has been the focus of a wealth of a
Page 21 and 22: Although studies employing contextu
Page 23 and 24: the Society. By dedicating royal fu
Page 25 and 26: 1 Marie-Laure Deschamps-Bourgeon, "
Page 27: de' Medici (Princeton, New Jersey:
Page 31 and 32: in the last twenty years as a serio
Page 33 and 34: pattern that would be repeated in e
Page 35 and 36: The Reign of Henri IV The move from
Page 37 and 38: The king’s second major accomplis
Page 39 and 40: etween Philip IV (1285-1314) and Po
Page 41 and 42: universal Church, he was recognized
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Page 45 and 46: Although concerns over internationa
Page 47 and 48: Although Maria never claimed to bel
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Page 51 and 52: as a double feast. 100 The king’s
Page 53 and 54: 1 I use the terms Catholic Reform a
Page 55 and 56: 20 Henri III was the third of four
Page 57 and 58: 46 Beaune, Ideology, 176. 47 For th
Page 59 and 60: 70 Hayden, "Continuity," 12. 71 Lou
Page 61 and 62: Jean Héroard, ed. Edouard de Barth
Page 63 and 64: which uses the seventeenth-century
Page 65 and 66: a more appropriate location. 11 In
Page 67 and 68: etween the Oratory’s founder and
Page 69 and 70: seventeenth century, prompting scho
Page 71 and 72: façade drew visual emphasis to the
Page 73 and 74: The emblem continued to be included
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of the society were planning regici
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Upon reentering the royal council i
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emind him that at present there was
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1 Fumaroli, "Cross," 88-102; Le Pas
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the church, including the interior
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31 Archives Nationales, MM 600, Vis
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51 For twin-towered facades associa
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Marilyn Aronberg Lavin (New York: I
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99 Archives Nationales MM 562 f. 3-
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125 Archives Nationales MM 623 f. 9
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By examining the precise manner of
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arcade, replacing it with a project
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a halo surrounding his head. The me
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place, the event was the first time
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Although David and Solomon had trad
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on the robe and crown and at the en
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king, who backed the Protestant Hen
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Catholic world, any objection it ma
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The current arrangement of the apse
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L surmounted by a royal crown and f
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figure first occurred in the west o
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the façade reiterates the place of
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1 Today it is the parish church of
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discussion of the plan and its popu
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43 For Philip II as Solomon and the
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67 The Jesuit foundations building
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88 Laurence Brockliss, "Richelieu,
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110 For the meaning of the central
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135 For a discussion of Richelieu
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had exercised by the end of the reg
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King Louis XI (1461-1483) and immed
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in the fifteenth century and most r
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The queen would have also welcomed
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Like Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes the re
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and pierced with windows. The faça
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protector and establishing a close
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and in the entablature of the choir
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The queen certainly believed that s
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the image the rectangular foundatio
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Medici’s patronage of the Religio
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use her support of the Religious of
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1 The dates represent the start of
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17 “MARIA MEDICAEA, PIENTISSIMA E
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Baptiste-Michel Renou de Chevigné
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du Roi des Rois pour la conservatri
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Zusammenhang, ed. Joachim Poeschke
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CHAPTER 6 FROM NOTRE-DAME-DES-VICTO
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eign of Louis XIII. By looking at i
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choir are two additional rooms. Tho
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Moreover not all foundation stones
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Additional Churches supported by Lo
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palace chapel at Versailles, design
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founding, was first supported by St
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its position within the kingdom. In
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Scholarship shows that the reasons
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with Cardinal Richelieu, who refuse
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his preoccupation with the war, Lou
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12 Barbiche, "Augustins déchaussé
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39 Jean-Pierre Camus, Premières ho
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Amos, Funerals, Politics, and Memor
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cardinal; see Paul de Musset, Puyla
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One of the key contributions of thi
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Figure 1. Philippe de Champaigne, L
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Figure 3. Frans Pourbus the Younger
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Figure 5. French School, Pierre de
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Figure 7. Jean Marot, Veue de l’
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Figure 9. Clément Métezeau and Ja
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Figure 11. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 13. Reconstructed map of the
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Figure 15. Saint-Germer-de-Fly, vie
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Figure 17. Sainte-Chapelle, upper c
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Figure 19. Jacques Lemercier, Churc
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Figure 21. Écu d’or of Louis XII
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Figure 23. Jacques Androuet du Cerc
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Figure 25. Map of territories durin
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Figure 27. Peter Paul Rubens, Trium
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Figure 29. Philippe de Champaigne,
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Figure 31. Saint Louis, obverse (le
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Figure 33. Andrea Sacchi and Jan Mi
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Figure 35. Foundation Stone of Sain
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Figure 37. G. Bonsegni, Il Gesù, r
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Figure 39. Detail of Kings rose win
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Figure 41. Etienne Martellange and
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Figure 43. Edme Moreau, High Altar
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Figure 45. Simon Vouet, The Apotheo
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Figure 51. Michel Corneille, St. Lo
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Figure 53. Studio of Simon Vouet, L
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Figure 57. Plan of the Church of th
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Figure 59. Plan of Saint-Joseph-des
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Figure 61. Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes,
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Figure 63. After Jean Marot, Eglise
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Figure 65. Jean-Baptiste-Michel Jai
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Figure 67. Jean-Aimar Piganiol de l
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Figure 69. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 71. Nicolas-Michel Troche, F
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Figure 73. Henri de Gisors, detail
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Figure 75. Jacques de Bie, Device f
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Figure 77. Plan of the church of No
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Figure 79. After Claude Chastillon,
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Figure 81. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 83. Current plan of Notre-Da
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Figure 85. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 87. Foundation Stone of Notr
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Figure 89. Detail of a window at th
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Figure 91. E. Viollet-le-Duc, Recon
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Figure 93. Israël Silvestre, Vue d
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Figure 95. Plan de l’eglise de No
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1589 Henri IV becomes king of Franc
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Bibliothèque nationale de France D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Archival Sources Archi
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Théveneau, Adam. Les Précepts du
Page 307 and 308:
Billot, Claudine. "La fondation de
Page 309 and 310:
Brunel, Georges. Dictionnaire des
Page 311 and 312:
Currier, Charles Warren. History of
Page 313 and 314:
Freiberg, Jack. The Lateran in 1600
Page 315 and 316:
Johnson, Géraldine A. "Imagining I
Page 317 and 318:
Lonergan, Walter F. Historic Church
Page 319 and 320:
Montgolfier, Bernard de, ed. Saint-
Page 321 and 322:
Romier, Lucien. Les origines politi
Page 323 and 324:
Turchetti, Mario. "Middle Parties i
Page 325 and 326:
Education: Teaching Experience: Nat
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