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83 For the origins and political and religious views of the dévots, see Chatellier, Europe of the
Devout; Diefendorf, Penitence, 11-13, 78-82; Henry Phillips, Church and culture in seventeenthcentury
France (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Rapley, The Dévotes, 75-76.
84 For the biography of Barbe Acarie, see Bowles, Gracious Life; François Bruno de Jésus-
Marie, La belle Acarie: Bienheureuse Marie de l'Incarnation (Paris: Desclee de Brouwer, 1942).
85 Williams, French Oratorians, 55.
86 Diefendorf, "Contradictions," 471. Notable figures included in Madame Acarie’s circle were
the Carthusian vicar Dom Beaucousin; François de Sales, bishop of Geneva; Benoit de Canfeld,
a Capuchin mystic; Michel de Marillac, the royal keeper of the seals; and the Marquise de
Maignelay, the sister of the bishop of Paris.
87 Houssaye, Bérulle et les Carmélites, 110-13.
88 For Bérulle’s education, see ibid., 89-122.
89 For Bérulle’s family history, see Dagens, Bérulle, 13-15; Houssaye, Bérulle et les Carmélites,
71-88; Klevgard, "Society and Politics," 47-48.
90 Klevgard, "Society and Politics," 48.
91 The ban on exorcisms centered on the case of Marthe Brossier, who in 1599 was believed to
be possessed. Henri IV prohibited the rite for fear that the resulting crowds would stir up
passionate feelings against him by former Leaguers. For more on the controversy, see Houssaye,
Bérulle et les Carmélites, 151-53; Williams, French Oratorians, 33-35.
92 For Bérulle’s time with the Capuchins, see Houssaye, Bérulle et les Carmélites, 151-53. For
Bérulle’s trip to Verdun, see ibid., 193-97. Verdun, in northeast France, was not under French
rule at this time, which made it possible for the Jesuits to have a house.
93 Williams, French Oratorians, 56-57.
94 Houssaye, Bérulle et les Carmélites, 196.
95 Williams, French Oratorians, 71.
96 Houssaye, Père de Bérulle, 13-16; Houssaye, Bérulle et les Carmélites, 442. The Visitation of
Sainte-Marie, or Visitadines, were another reformed religious order originating in early
seventeenth-century France.
97 Houssaye, Père de Bérulle, 13-16.
98 Barbiche, "Marie de Médicis,” 49.
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