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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This study examines early seventeenth-century Parisian churches supported by French monarchs, concentrating on the manner in which the buildings illuminate the political goals of the patrons. Specifically it focuses on the reign of King Louis XIII (1610-1643), a period during which the king’s mother Queen Maria de’ Medici ruled as regent from 1610 to 1617 (figs. 1 and 2). During Louis XIII’s reign twenty-one new places of worship were constructed in Paris, making it one of the most active phases of church building in the entire history of the French capital. Of the twenty-one churches built during this period, ten received support from the current monarch. Scholars traditionally attribute the volume of construction to the impact of the Catholic Reformation and the subsequent establishment of numerous reformed religious groups in Paris. 1 While the religious renewal that swept France in the early seventeenth century certainly fueled the construction of churches, the factors prompting Louis XIII and Maria de’ Medici to support such a high number of buildings remains unexplored in the literature. By investigating the architecture, painting, and sculpture of these churches in tandem with the historical and political context of the period, we can understand how the buildings took on additional meaning beyond reflecting the devout Catholic state. Instead of the monarchs only using the buildings as symbols of their religious beliefs, Maria de’ Medici and Louis XIII supported the churches as a means of pursuing their political objectives, goals that varied depending upon who was in control of the throne. Specifically, Maria de’ Medici became a patron of ecclesiastical institutions to promote her authority while demonstrating her support of the Catholic faith, its institutions, and its allies. In contrast, Louis XIII advocated the sovereignty of the state, contributing to churches that honored French kingship and the monarch’s divine right to rule through their architecture, painting, and sculpture. 1
The Buildings Of the ten newly-built churches receiving support from the French rulers, Maria de’ Medici provided aid for seven, including those built for the Minims of the Place Royale (begun 1611), the Discalced Carmelites (begun 1613), the Récollets (begun 1614), the Jacobins on the rue Saint-Honoré (begun 1614), the first chapel for the French Oratorians (begun 1616), the Filles du Calvaire (begun 1625), and the Religious of St. Elizabeth (begun 1628). Louis XIII secured royal support for four of the buildings, including the second structure for the church of the French Oratorians (begun 1621), Saint-Louis-des-Jésuites (1629-41), Notre-Dame-des- Victoires (begun 1629), and the chapel of the Sorbonne (begun 1634). In addition to the newly constructed buildings, Louis XIII also provided aid for projects at two existing churches in the French capital: the Sainte-Chapelle, a major royal foundation, and Notre-Dame-de-Paris, the cathedral of the French capital. 2 The form of royal support received by each church varied widely, ranging from financial contributions to royal titles, to having the monarch participate directly by placing the ceremonial first stone of the building. The majority of the newly-built churches were constructed for reformed religious orders recently established in Paris, the one exception being the chapel of the Sorbonne, which is most frequently associated with Louis XIII’s first minister, Cardinal Armand-Jean du Plessis de Richelieu. The architectural styles, features, and plans of the buildings vary widely as do the accompanying paintings and sculptures. Despite the range of ecclesiastical architecture covered in this study, generally speaking they exhibit common features found in other early seventeenthcentury Catholic churches: longitudinal plans with single naves bordered by side chapels, classical features with pilasters, entablatures, and round arches, and clear, even lighting with a focus on the high altar. It is through an examination of the specific details of the architecture and decoration that the political objectives of the patrons are revealed. Historical and Political Context In 1610 following the assassination of King Henri IV (1589-1610), Maria de’ Medici became regent for Louis XIII, who at age nine was too young to rule. As regent the queen faced many of the challenges that had confronted her husband, central among which were the 2
Page 1 and 2: FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of
Page 5 and 6: Jacobins of the rue Saint-Honoré 1
Page 7 and 8: 14. Clément Métezeau and Jacques
Page 9 and 10: 45. Simon Vouet, Apotheosis of St.
Page 11 and 12: 79. After Claude Chastillon, Carose
Page 13: ABSTRACT This study examines early
Page 17 and 18: The Patrons: Maria de’ Medici and
Page 19 and 20: has been the focus of a wealth of a
Page 21 and 22: Although studies employing contextu
Page 23 and 24: the Society. By dedicating royal fu
Page 25 and 26: 1 Marie-Laure Deschamps-Bourgeon, "
Page 27 and 28: de' Medici (Princeton, New Jersey:
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 2 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT: F
Page 31 and 32: in the last twenty years as a serio
Page 33 and 34: pattern that would be repeated in e
Page 35 and 36: The Reign of Henri IV The move from
Page 37 and 38: The king’s second major accomplis
Page 39 and 40: etween Philip IV (1285-1314) and Po
Page 41 and 42: universal Church, he was recognized
Page 43 and 44: houses in Italy and Spain, these re
Page 45 and 46: Although concerns over internationa
Page 47 and 48: Although Maria never claimed to bel
Page 49 and 50: suggestions but leave the decisions
Page 51 and 52: as a double feast. 100 The king’s
Page 53 and 54: 1 I use the terms Catholic Reform a
Page 55 and 56: 20 Henri III was the third of four
Page 57 and 58: 46 Beaune, Ideology, 176. 47 For th
Page 59 and 60: 70 Hayden, "Continuity," 12. 71 Lou
Page 61 and 62: Jean Héroard, ed. Edouard de Barth
Page 63 and 64: which uses the seventeenth-century
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a more appropriate location. 11 In
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etween the Oratory’s founder and
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seventeenth century, prompting scho
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façade drew visual emphasis to the
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The emblem continued to be included
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esidence. Similar to its use in ant
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courts, attended a similar ceremony
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of the society were planning regici
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Upon reentering the royal council i
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emind him that at present there was
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1 Fumaroli, "Cross," 88-102; Le Pas
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the church, including the interior
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31 Archives Nationales, MM 600, Vis
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51 For twin-towered facades associa
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Marilyn Aronberg Lavin (New York: I
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99 Archives Nationales MM 562 f. 3-
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125 Archives Nationales MM 623 f. 9
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By examining the precise manner of
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arcade, replacing it with a project
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a halo surrounding his head. The me
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place, the event was the first time
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Although David and Solomon had trad
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on the robe and crown and at the en
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king, who backed the Protestant Hen
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Catholic world, any objection it ma
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The current arrangement of the apse
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L surmounted by a royal crown and f
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figure first occurred in the west o
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the façade reiterates the place of
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1 Today it is the parish church of
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discussion of the plan and its popu
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43 For Philip II as Solomon and the
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67 The Jesuit foundations building
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88 Laurence Brockliss, "Richelieu,
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110 For the meaning of the central
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135 For a discussion of Richelieu
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had exercised by the end of the reg
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King Louis XI (1461-1483) and immed
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in the fifteenth century and most r
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The queen would have also welcomed
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Like Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes the re
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and pierced with windows. The faça
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protector and establishing a close
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and in the entablature of the choir
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The queen certainly believed that s
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the image the rectangular foundatio
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Medici’s patronage of the Religio
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use her support of the Religious of
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1 The dates represent the start of
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17 “MARIA MEDICAEA, PIENTISSIMA E
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Baptiste-Michel Renou de Chevigné
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du Roi des Rois pour la conservatri
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Zusammenhang, ed. Joachim Poeschke
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CHAPTER 6 FROM NOTRE-DAME-DES-VICTO
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eign of Louis XIII. By looking at i
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choir are two additional rooms. Tho
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Moreover not all foundation stones
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Additional Churches supported by Lo
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palace chapel at Versailles, design
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founding, was first supported by St
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its position within the kingdom. In
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Scholarship shows that the reasons
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with Cardinal Richelieu, who refuse
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his preoccupation with the war, Lou
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12 Barbiche, "Augustins déchaussé
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39 Jean-Pierre Camus, Premières ho
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Amos, Funerals, Politics, and Memor
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cardinal; see Paul de Musset, Puyla
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One of the key contributions of thi
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Figure 1. Philippe de Champaigne, L
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Figure 3. Frans Pourbus the Younger
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Figure 5. French School, Pierre de
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Figure 7. Jean Marot, Veue de l’
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Figure 9. Clément Métezeau and Ja
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Figure 11. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 13. Reconstructed map of the
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Figure 15. Saint-Germer-de-Fly, vie
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Figure 17. Sainte-Chapelle, upper c
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Figure 19. Jacques Lemercier, Churc
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Figure 21. Écu d’or of Louis XII
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Figure 23. Jacques Androuet du Cerc
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Figure 25. Map of territories durin
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Figure 27. Peter Paul Rubens, Trium
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Figure 29. Philippe de Champaigne,
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Figure 31. Saint Louis, obverse (le
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Figure 33. Andrea Sacchi and Jan Mi
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Figure 35. Foundation Stone of Sain
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Figure 37. G. Bonsegni, Il Gesù, r
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Figure 39. Detail of Kings rose win
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Figure 41. Etienne Martellange and
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Figure 43. Edme Moreau, High Altar
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Figure 45. Simon Vouet, The Apotheo
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Page 251 and 252:
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Figure 51. Michel Corneille, St. Lo
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Figure 53. Studio of Simon Vouet, L
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Figure 57. Plan of the Church of th
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Figure 59. Plan of Saint-Joseph-des
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Figure 61. Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes,
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Figure 63. After Jean Marot, Eglise
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Figure 65. Jean-Baptiste-Michel Jai
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Figure 67. Jean-Aimar Piganiol de l
Page 271 and 272:
Figure 69. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 71. Nicolas-Michel Troche, F
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Figure 73. Henri de Gisors, detail
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Figure 75. Jacques de Bie, Device f
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Figure 77. Plan of the church of No
Page 281 and 282:
Figure 79. After Claude Chastillon,
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Figure 81. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 83. Current plan of Notre-Da
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Figure 85. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 87. Foundation Stone of Notr
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Figure 89. Detail of a window at th
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Figure 91. E. Viollet-le-Duc, Recon
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Figure 93. Israël Silvestre, Vue d
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Figure 95. Plan de l’eglise de No
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1589 Henri IV becomes king of Franc
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Bibliothèque nationale de France D
Page 303 and 304:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Archival Sources Archi
Page 305 and 306:
Théveneau, Adam. Les Précepts du
Page 307 and 308:
Billot, Claudine. "La fondation de
Page 309 and 310:
Brunel, Georges. Dictionnaire des
Page 311 and 312:
Currier, Charles Warren. History of
Page 313 and 314:
Freiberg, Jack. The Lateran in 1600
Page 315 and 316:
Johnson, Géraldine A. "Imagining I
Page 317 and 318:
Lonergan, Walter F. Historic Church
Page 319 and 320:
Montgolfier, Bernard de, ed. Saint-
Page 321 and 322:
Romier, Lucien. Les origines politi
Page 323 and 324:
Turchetti, Mario. "Middle Parties i
Page 325 and 326:
Education: Teaching Experience: Nat
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