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67 The Jesuit foundations building churches were the Collège de Clermont (begun 1628) and the
Noviciate (begun 1630). Three Franciscan churches were started during this period, including
the Capucins-du-Marais (begun 1624), the Récollets House in the Faubourg Saint Martin (begun
1630), and Sainte-Elisabeth (begun 1628). The Ursulines began building a church at their
monastery in 1627, while the reformed Augustinians started Notre-Dame-des-Victoires in 1629
(this church will receive support from Louis XIII). The Filles du Calvaire, a reformed order of
Benedictines, started construction in 1629. The French Oratorians began construction on a
church in 1621.
68 For the division of religious ranks within the order, see John O'Malley, The First Jesuits
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 345-56. For the name of the professed
fathers in France, see Montgolfier, ed., Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis, 13-16.
69 John O'Malley, "The Fourth Vow in Its Ignatian Context: A Historical Study," Studies in the
Spirituality of Jesuits 15, no. 1 (1983): 1-45.
70 The belief that Jesuits supported papal control over bishops stemmed from the Society’s help
in defeating a proposal at the final session of the Council of Trent that would have declared the
institution of bishops as iure divino. For a discussion of these events, see J. H. M. Salmon,
"Catholic Resistance Theory, Ultramontanism, and the Royalist Response, 1580-1620," in The
Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700, ed. J. H. Burns (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1991), 231.
71 For French attitudes towards the Society during this period, see Nelson, Jesuits, 21-24.
72 For works attributing the initiative of the League to the Jesuits, see ibid., 24-36.
73 Ibid., 31.
74 Guenter Lewy, Constitutionalism and Statecraft During the Golden Age of Spain: A Study of
the Political Philosophy of Juan de Mariana (Geneva: Droz, 1960), 134.
75 Juan de Mariana, De rege et regis institutione libri III (Toledo: Pedro Rodríguez, 1599).
76 For analyses of Mariana’s work see Harald E. Braun, Juan de Mariana and Early Modern
Spanish Political Thought (Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2007); Lewy, Constitutionalism.
Braun argues that Mariana’s work was negatively received outside of Spain because it focused
too heavily on the author’s stance on regicide, which was only discussed in chapter six of book
one of De rege. Lewy argues that Mariana’s work contained an elaborate defense of tyrannicide.
77 Lewy, Constitutionalism, 69, n. 69.
78 Ibid., 142.
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