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74 A. Lloyd Moote also makes the point that the vow was connected to the war against the
Habsburgs; see Moote, Louis XIII, 260.
75 “Les plus grandes forces des Ennemis de cette Couronne se sont rallies pour conspirer sa
ruine.” In the Vow of Louis XIII, published 10 February 1638; as cited in Blond, Notre-Dame
des Victoires, 15.
76 “…Main divine soustint avec tant de force la justice de nostre cause.” In the Vow of Louis
XIII, published 10 February 1638; as cited in ibid.
77 A. Lloyd Moote and Nora M. Sutherland believe that Louis XIII held an anti-Spanish position
from the early 1620s; see Moote, Louis XIII, 132-35; Nora M. Sutherland, "The Origins of the
Thirty Years War and the Structure of European Politics," English Historical Review 107, no.
424 (1992): 618-20.
78 For Louis XIII’s views on entering the conflict, see Moote, Louis XIII, 131-32. For the
Habsburg conflict with Bohemia and Hungary, see Geoffrey Parker, "The War for Bohemia," in
The Thirty Years' War, ed. Geoffrey Parker (London: Routledge, 1997), 43-55.
79 For a discussion of these events, see Maland, Europe; Geoffrey Parker, Europe in Crisis, 1598
to 1648, 2 ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), 142-43; Tapié, Age of Louis XIII, 142,46, 49-53.
80 For a general history of the Thirty Years’ War, see Maland, Europe; Parker, Europe;
Sutherland, "Thirty Years War," 587-625. For Louis XIII’s involvement with and attitudes
towards the war, see Richard J. Bonney, "France's 'war by diversion'," in The Thirty Years' War,
ed. Geoffrey Parker (London: Routledge, 1997), 129-37; Chevallier, Louis XIII, 195-96, 225,
457-98; Lublinskaya, French Absolutism; Moote, Louis XIII, 131-35, 79-83, 206-13; Tapié, Age
of Louis XIII, 97-115.
In 1627, while England was encouraging the Huguenots of La Rochelle to rebel against the
crown, France formed a brief but not enduring alliance with Spain. For this alliance, see
Sutherland, "Thirty Years War," 620.
81 Scholars agree that domestic issues prevented France from fully engaging in the Thirty Years’
War; see Bonney, "'War by diversion'," 134; Moote, Louis XIII, 131; Parker, Europe, 143-45;
Sutherland, "Thirty Years War," 618-20.
82 Known as the Grace of Alais, the treaty allowed the Huguenots to keep their religious rights
but it stressed that the Protestant state within France no longer existed. For more on the treaty,
see Moote, Louis XIII, 202-03.
83 For the dismissals, see ibid., 222-23; Tapié, Age of Louis XIII, 235-36.
84 In thanks for the support shown by the duke of Orléans following the Day of Dupes, Richelieu
had agreed to make Antoine de l’Age, marquis de Puylaurens a duke and M. Le Coigneux a
185