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1 I use the terms Catholic Reform and Catholic Reformation instead of Counter-Reformation
throughout this work because they suggest that this period in the history of the Catholic Church
was not merely a response to the Protestant Reformation but that the Church was also making
significant reform efforts. For more on the use of these terms, see Robert Bireley, The
Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450-1700: A Reassessment of the Counter Reformation
(Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1999), 2-8; Louis Chatellier, The
Europe of the Devout: The Catholic Reformation and the Formation of a New Society, trans.
Jean Birrell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), ix.
2 For recent general studies of the French Wars of Religion, see Philip Benedict, "The Wars of
Religion, 1562-1598," in Renaissance and Reformation France, 1500-1648, ed. Mack P. Holt
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 147-75; Denis Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu: la
violence au temps des troubles de religion, vers 1525-vers 1610, 2 vols. (Seyssel: Champ Vallon,
1990); Barbara B. Diefendorf, "The Religious Wars in France," in A Companion to the
Reformation World, ed. R. Po-chia Hsia (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004), 150-68; Holt, French
Wars; Robert J. Knecht, The French Civil Wars, 1562-1598 (Harlow, England: Pearson, 2000);
J. H. M. Salmon, Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century (New York: St. Martin's,
1975).
3 For two interpretations stressing the political motivations of the Wars of Religion, see Arlette
Jouanna, Le devoir de révolte: La noblesse française et la gestation de l'état modern, 1559-1661
(Paris: Fayard, 1989); Lucien Romier, Les origines politiques des guerres de religion, 2 vols.
(Paris: Perrin, 1913-1914).
4 Natalie Zemon Davis, "The Rites of Violence: Religious Riot in Sixteenth-Century France,"
in Society and Culture in Early Modern France, ed. Natalie Zemon Davis (Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1976), 152-87; Barbara B. Diefendorf, Beneath the Cross: Catholics and
Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991); Denis Richet,
"Aspects socio-culturels des conflits religieux à Paris dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle,"
Annales, économies, sociétés, civilisations 32 (1977): 764-89.
5 Crouzet, Guerriers.
6 Holt, French Wars. For an additional interpretation of religious and social issues, see Philip
Benedict, Rouen during the Wars of Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
7 The phrase “three-sided” struggle is used in Diefendorf, Penitence, 30; Diefendorf, "Religious
Wars," 163. For additional references to the three sides of the Wars of Religion, see Benedict,
"Wars of Religion," 161-63; Crouzet, Guerriers, 2: 367, 550-73; Holt, French Wars, 126-27;
Knecht, Civil Wars, 181, 252-53.
8 Knecht, Civil Wars, 44-63.
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