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cardinal; see Paul de Musset, Puylaurens (Paris: Michel Lévy Frères, 1856), 33; Tapié, Age of
Louis XIII, 237. For Gaston’s actions during this period, see Moote, Louis XIII, 224-28; Tapié,
Age of Louis XIII, 237, 306-07, 310.
85 Tapié characterizes the complexity of the War as “a mass of small individual actions, each
with its own particular significance;” see Tapié, Age of Louis XIII, 311. Also noting the intricacy
behind the conflict, Sutherland argues that to fully understand the Thirty Years’ War, one must
view it as the third of four periods during which European states struggled against the power of
the Habsburg Empire; see Sutherland, "Thirty Years War," 589.
86 Bonney, "'War by diversion'," 132.
87 For Gaston’s marriage and the implications it held for Lorraine, see Tapié, Age of Louis XIII,
301.
88 For this event, see Parker, Europe, 176.
89 Factors that contributed to Spain’s deteriorating position were heavy naval losses, continued
conflicts with France and the Netherlands, and in 1640 the revolt of Catalonia and Portugal. For
these issues, see ibid., 185-86.
90
For the formation of the council, see Chevallier, Louis XIII, 635-37. For Anne of Austria’s
actions, see Parker, Europe, 194.
91 Parker, Europe, 194.
92 For Anne of Austria and the Val-de-Grâce, see Germann, "Val-de-Grâce" 47-61.
93 The confraternity was Notre-Dame-des-Sept-Douleurs. For the queen’s association with the
reformed Augustinians, see Barbiche, "Augustins déchaussés," 41-44.
186