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the royal council in 1622 the queen’s greatest desire was to regain the authority she had obtained at the end of the regency. The search for power prompted Maria to turn once again to churches but this time to use prominent visual signs that advertised her support of the building. By using personal symbols and royal imagery to express her devotion to Louis XIII and to promote her elevated status as the mother of the king, Maria de’ Medici sought to secure greater authority within the realm. Returning to Louis XIII, the fifth chapter considers the last churches supported by the king. In 1629 Louis became the founder of the Parisian monastery of the Augustins Déchaussés, granting it royal privileges and placing the first stone of its church Notre-Dame-des-Victoires. Following this grand gesture of support, the king neglected to direct any royal funds to assist with construction of the church, instead choosing from the early 1630s onwards to focus his spending on churches with established connections to the state, specifically the Sainte-Chapelle, Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, and the chapel of the Sorbonne. The result of this decision was that Notre-Dame-des-Victoires was the last church for a reformed religious order in Paris to benefit from Louis XIII’s patronage. In light of the king’s active contributions during the 1620s to these institutions, the abrupt decision to no longer support them during the following decade assumes greater significance. My purpose in this chapter is to demonstrate that royal neglect of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires stemmed from shifting priorities in the French government, concerns that moved from worries about internal struggles with conservative Catholics and rebellious Huguenots to an international focus on the expansion of Habsburg forces. In 1633 shortly after Louis XIII turned his attention to the Sainte-Chapelle, France embarked upon an increasingly active role in the Thirty Years’ War, seeking to limit Spanish growth. By choosing to support ecclesiastical buildings historically linked to the French state, Louis moved away from using churches as tools to promote his authority over potentially subversive religious groups. Instead he focused on architecture that in the face of external threats would advance the country’s privileged status among all Christian nations. As with the church of the French Oratory and Saint-Louis-des-Jésuites, these buildings demonstrate that Louis XIII continued to employ ecclesiastical architecture as a visual sign of the most pressing concerns of the state, further defining the use by seventeenth-century French monarch of the arts as political tools. 11
1 Marie-Laure Deschamps-Bourgeon, "Le Grand Siècle et le siècle des Lumières," in Dictionnaire des églises de Paris, ed. Georges Brunel (Paris: Editions Hervas, 1995), 41-46; Maurice Dumolin and George Outardel, Les églises de France: Paris et la Seine (Paris: Librairie Letouzey et Ané, 1936), ix, 126-96 and passim; Louis Hautecoeur, Histoire de l'architecture classique en France, 7 vols. (Paris: Picard, 1966), 1:216-24; Claude Mignot, "The New Rome, 1527-1700: The Century of Louis XIII (1594-1660)," in The Art and Spirit of Paris, ed. Michel Laclotte (New York: Abbeville Press, 2004), 1:311; Jean-Marie Pérouse de Montclos, Histoire de l'architecture française (Paris: Caisse nationale des monuments historiques et des sites, 1989), 167-69; Bernard Violle, Paris, son Eglise et ses églises: histoire, art, foi, 2 vols. (Paris: Cerf, 2004), 2:66-72. 2 Louis XIII also contributed support to the Abbey church of Saint-Denis. This topic needs further study and has yet to be incorporated into my study. 3 For this characterization of the conservative Catholics, see Barbara B. Diefendorf, From Penitence to Charity: Pious Women and the Catholic Reformation in Paris (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 11-13, 78-82. More bibliographic sources for this topic are provided in chapters one and two of the present study. 4 For the term dévot, see ibid., 11-13, 78-82, 89-91. 5 For an introduction to the moderates, see Mario Turchetti, "Middle Parties in France during the Wars of Religion," in Reformation, Revolt and Civil War in France and the Netherlands, 1555- 1585, ed. Philip Benedict, et al. (Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1999), 165-83. Further bibliography is provided in chapters one and two, below. 6 For the history and meaning of this epithet, see Colette Beaune, The Birth of an Ideology: Myths and Symbols of Nation in Late-Medieval France, trans. Susan Ross Huston (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 172-93. 7 For this characterization of the marriage, see Bernard Barbiche, "Marie de Médicis, reine régnante, et le Saint-Siège: agent ou otage de la Réforme catholique?" in Le "siècle" de Marie de Médicis: Actes du Séminaire de la Chaire Rhétorique et Société en Europe (XVIe-XVIIe siècles) du Collège de France sous la direction de Marc Fumaroli de l'Académie française, ed. Françoise Graziani and Francesco Solinas (Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso, 2003), 41-42; Michel Carmona, Marie de Médicis (Paris: Fayard, 1981), 16-20. 8 For a bibliography of Maria de’ Medici, see chapter four. For two works that especially emphasize the queen’s goals, see Katherine Crawford, Perilous Performances: Gender and Regency in Early Modern France (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 59-97; Géraldine A. Johnson, "Imagining Images of Powerful Women: Maria de' Medici's Patronage of Art and Architecture," in Women and Art in Early Modern Europe: Patrons, Collectors, and Connoisseurs, ed. Cynthia Lawrence (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 126-53. 12
Page 1 and 2: FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of
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Page 7 and 8: 14. Clément Métezeau and Jacques
Page 9 and 10: 45. Simon Vouet, Apotheosis of St.
Page 11 and 12: 79. After Claude Chastillon, Carose
Page 13 and 14: ABSTRACT This study examines early
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esidence. Similar to its use in ant
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courts, attended a similar ceremony
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of the society were planning regici
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Upon reentering the royal council i
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emind him that at present there was
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1 Fumaroli, "Cross," 88-102; Le Pas
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the church, including the interior
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31 Archives Nationales, MM 600, Vis
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51 For twin-towered facades associa
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Marilyn Aronberg Lavin (New York: I
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99 Archives Nationales MM 562 f. 3-
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125 Archives Nationales MM 623 f. 9
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By examining the precise manner of
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arcade, replacing it with a project
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a halo surrounding his head. The me
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place, the event was the first time
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Although David and Solomon had trad
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on the robe and crown and at the en
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king, who backed the Protestant Hen
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Catholic world, any objection it ma
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The current arrangement of the apse
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L surmounted by a royal crown and f
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figure first occurred in the west o
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the façade reiterates the place of
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1 Today it is the parish church of
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discussion of the plan and its popu
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43 For Philip II as Solomon and the
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67 The Jesuit foundations building
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88 Laurence Brockliss, "Richelieu,
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110 For the meaning of the central
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135 For a discussion of Richelieu
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had exercised by the end of the reg
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King Louis XI (1461-1483) and immed
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in the fifteenth century and most r
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The queen would have also welcomed
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Like Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes the re
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and pierced with windows. The faça
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protector and establishing a close
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and in the entablature of the choir
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The queen certainly believed that s
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the image the rectangular foundatio
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Medici’s patronage of the Religio
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use her support of the Religious of
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1 The dates represent the start of
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17 “MARIA MEDICAEA, PIENTISSIMA E
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Baptiste-Michel Renou de Chevigné
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du Roi des Rois pour la conservatri
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Zusammenhang, ed. Joachim Poeschke
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CHAPTER 6 FROM NOTRE-DAME-DES-VICTO
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eign of Louis XIII. By looking at i
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choir are two additional rooms. Tho
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Moreover not all foundation stones
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Additional Churches supported by Lo
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palace chapel at Versailles, design
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founding, was first supported by St
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its position within the kingdom. In
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Scholarship shows that the reasons
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with Cardinal Richelieu, who refuse
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his preoccupation with the war, Lou
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12 Barbiche, "Augustins déchaussé
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39 Jean-Pierre Camus, Premières ho
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Amos, Funerals, Politics, and Memor
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cardinal; see Paul de Musset, Puyla
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One of the key contributions of thi
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Figure 1. Philippe de Champaigne, L
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Figure 3. Frans Pourbus the Younger
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Figure 5. French School, Pierre de
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Figure 7. Jean Marot, Veue de l’
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Figure 9. Clément Métezeau and Ja
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Figure 11. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 13. Reconstructed map of the
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Figure 15. Saint-Germer-de-Fly, vie
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Figure 17. Sainte-Chapelle, upper c
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Figure 19. Jacques Lemercier, Churc
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Figure 21. Écu d’or of Louis XII
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Figure 23. Jacques Androuet du Cerc
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Figure 25. Map of territories durin
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Figure 27. Peter Paul Rubens, Trium
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Figure 29. Philippe de Champaigne,
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Figure 31. Saint Louis, obverse (le
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Figure 33. Andrea Sacchi and Jan Mi
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Figure 35. Foundation Stone of Sain
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Figure 37. G. Bonsegni, Il Gesù, r
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Figure 39. Detail of Kings rose win
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Figure 41. Etienne Martellange and
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Figure 43. Edme Moreau, High Altar
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Figure 45. Simon Vouet, The Apotheo
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Figure 51. Michel Corneille, St. Lo
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Figure 53. Studio of Simon Vouet, L
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Figure 57. Plan of the Church of th
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Figure 59. Plan of Saint-Joseph-des
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Figure 61. Saint-Joseph-des-Carmes,
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Figure 63. After Jean Marot, Eglise
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Figure 65. Jean-Baptiste-Michel Jai
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Figure 67. Jean-Aimar Piganiol de l
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Figure 69. Michel Etienne Turgot, P
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Figure 71. Nicolas-Michel Troche, F
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Figure 73. Henri de Gisors, detail
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Figure 75. Jacques de Bie, Device f
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Figure 77. Plan of the church of No
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Figure 79. After Claude Chastillon,
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Figure 81. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 83. Current plan of Notre-Da
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Figure 85. Notre-Dame-des-Victoires
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Figure 87. Foundation Stone of Notr
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Figure 89. Detail of a window at th
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Figure 91. E. Viollet-le-Duc, Recon
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Figure 93. Israël Silvestre, Vue d
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Figure 95. Plan de l’eglise de No
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1589 Henri IV becomes king of Franc
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Bibliothèque nationale de France D
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Archival Sources Archi
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Théveneau, Adam. Les Précepts du
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Billot, Claudine. "La fondation de
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Brunel, Georges. Dictionnaire des
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Currier, Charles Warren. History of
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Freiberg, Jack. The Lateran in 1600
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Johnson, Géraldine A. "Imagining I
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Lonergan, Walter F. Historic Church
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Montgolfier, Bernard de, ed. Saint-
Page 321 and 322:
Romier, Lucien. Les origines politi
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Turchetti, Mario. "Middle Parties i
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Education: Teaching Experience: Nat
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