Hurricanes: Their Nature and Impacts on Society - Climate Science ...

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86 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPACf ON SOCIETY '. .' (8) ". ,,/ :::X::::::..::::::: ~; ..: / "'" .I '.. ' 1,." I ".., / ,::1. "', I' / ::;;-: )i~ ,I 1 101. 30 0 20 0 10 0 0 MAY JU Figure 3.14 (a) Locations in the Atlantic Ocean Basin where tropical storm intensity was attained in observed storms for the period 1886-1995 (prepared by J. Eastman), (b) Seasonal distribution of tropical storms <strong>and</strong> hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean Basin (World Meteorological Organizations 1993) : cyclones globally for the period 1979-1988. While it is difficult to track individual storms from this figure, regions of high frequency of occurrences of storm passage are easily viewed by their large concentrations of tracks. Correspondingly, areas of infrequent but occasional storm passage are clearly shown. The area of damaging winds extends well beyond the point location of hurricane position that is displayed in track maps such as shown in Figure -- 0 0 0 0 0 0 I
TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH 3.13, although the region of most destruction potential is concentrated close to the center of the storm in the region of the eye wall. The largest radius of tropical storm winds (greater than 39 mph) was 680 miles (1100 kilometers) in Typhoon Tip in the western Pacific in October 1979 (Holl<strong>and</strong> 1993a). The smallest was Tropical Cyclone Tracy which made l<strong>and</strong>fall in Darwin, Australia in December 1974 with a radius of tropical storm winds of 31 miles (50 kilometers). The relative sizes of these storms, along with the 1995 Labor Day Hurricane which crossed the Florida Keys, the New Engl<strong>and</strong> Hurricane of 1938, Camille (1969), Gilbert (1988) which made l<strong>and</strong>fall in Mexico, <strong>and</strong> Andrew (1992) are shown in Figure 3.15. The most intense tropical cyclone on record, as measured by its central pressure, was also Typhoon Tip (870 mb). In the Atlantic Basin, it was Gilbert in 1988 with 888 mb (Lawrence <strong>and</strong> Gross, 1989; Willoughby, Masters <strong>and</strong> L<strong>and</strong>sea 1989). The longest lived tropical cyclone on record was John, which lasted for 31 days (August-September 1994) in the Pa~c Ocean. In the Atlantic Ocean Basin, it was was Hurricane Ginger in 197.1. which lasted for 30 days. 3.3.3 Tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean Basin At latitudes around 30oN in the Atlantic Ocean, two large relatively stationary high pressure systems, which extend upward throughout the lower atmosphere (i.e. the troposphere) commonly exist throughout the year. High pressure systems exhibit a clockwise wind flow around their center. These pressure systems are popularly known as the Azores High <strong>and</strong> the Bermuda High since their centers of highest pressure are often located near those isl<strong>and</strong>s. In the Northern Hemisphere, south of these high pressure regions, trade winds blow from east to west. These are called trade winds because they were used by sailing vessels to travel between Europe <strong>and</strong> the New World prior to the 1800s. The latitude of the highest pressure of the Azores <strong>and</strong> Bermuda Highs moves north <strong>and</strong> south with the seasons, with its northernmost location ocCurring around August. A lag of about two months with respect to the June solstice (which is when solar radiation is greatest in the Northern Hemisphere) is associated with the time of maximum ocean surface temperatures. This lag occurs because the ocean <strong>and</strong> the atmosphere take time to warm, analogous to the observation that our warmest temperatures during the day occur after noon (<strong>and</strong> similarly the warmest temperatures at most locations in the Northern Hemisphere occur in July <strong>and</strong> August). Thus in the western Atlantic, the ocean is warmest in August <strong>and</strong> early September. Tropical storms <strong>and</strong> hurricanes frequently develop from surface low pressure systems that move westward off the west Mrican coast, called tropical waves (e.g. see Pasch <strong>and</strong> Avila 1994; Avila <strong>and</strong> Pasch 1995). The systems move west in the trade wind region. Often such low pressure systems 87
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Hurricanes
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Copyright @ 1997 by John Wiley & So
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Dedication Foreword. Preface. Conte
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CONTENTS 5.3 5.2.3 WindY. . 5.2.4 R
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Foreword Before the mid-l 960s, stu
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X11 FOREWORD The lessons of Camille
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XVI PREFACE One of the fundamental
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XVlll PREFACE about the need for so
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2 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
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4 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
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INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcnON: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND H
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INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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I I I I A -Nr"1v ~ r/) ,:,.," 0- 0-
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INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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21 INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, A
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INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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CHAPTER 2 The US Hurricane Problem
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM human acti
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Page 57 and 58: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Figure 2.3
Page 59 and 60: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM on an intr
Page 61 and 62: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.1
Page 63 and 64: TIm us HURRICANE PROBLEM ~ I (a) -.
Page 65 and 66: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM emissions)
Page 67 and 68: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 51 Figure
Page 69 and 70: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM (ODDs) 193
Page 71 and 72: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 55 Figure
Page 73 and 74: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM preparedne
Page 75 and 76: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 59 threat
Page 77 and 78: nIB US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.3
Page 79 and 80: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 63 Paralle
Page 81 and 82: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Congress,
Page 83 and 84: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 67 Appendi
Page 85 and 86: TRC!>PICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH
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Page 105 and 106: 35 ,~ 20 1201 55 TROPICAL CYCLONES
Page 107 and 108: TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH 9
Page 109 and 110: HURRICANE FORECASTS Figure 4.1 The
Page 111 and 112: * t " , " ' " i : , , j !' \ HURRIC
Page 113 and 114: HURRICANE FORECASTS (e) 7AM ~ ..i~~
Page 115 and 116: HURRICANE Fa RECASTS While the news
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Page 119 and 120: 102 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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Page 135 and 136: CHAPTERS When a hurricane forms, it
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Page 145 and 146: ~'\ '" 128 \ '-- HURRICANES: THEIR
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136 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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CHAPTER? 7.1 INTRODUCflON As recoun
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APPENDIX A CHAPTER! Byerly, R., 199
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40 000 30 000 20'000 10 000 APPENDI
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APPENDIX C Selected Data on Tropica
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Figure C.4 Cont: Tracks of intense
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'-'2 ..~ ,-..~ \OQ. ~~ -I" -(') 3.
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APPENDIX C 209 '";ij' 40 Q) ~ C) Q)
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211 APPENDIX D Table D.2 Eastern No
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APPENDIX D Table D.6 Western Austra
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APPENDIX D Table D.8 Fiji Region Na
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APPENDIX D Table 0.10 Southeast Ind
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: 8. ~A ". ~ 00 tU : V ~ ~ ~ V z 8,
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on "'-va , £.c 0 I::.cp. V'O cn ,'
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. OK OK U ~ ,. , , ..' ..~ '"' Z !
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UJ ~ UJ P-'-'" s~~ 0 In + In O-o>,V
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~ =.d.- ~ 0 ..., E-' g S u 'U~ =.g'
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.s~~ ~...:s ~.9: .- .. ..c ..co " ,
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APPENDIX E 233
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APPENDIX E In sum, TDS provides an
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APPENDIX 0 ~ION E 237 A period of t
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APPENDIX E IF SITUATION W~S P (alp)
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29. APPENDIX E p (0) 5 (a/p) T (alp
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APPENDIX E p (0) p p S T (a/o) (a/p
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APPENDIX E p p 5 p (alp) (r) S (r)
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APPENDIX E 247 P (al p p P (alp) p
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D APPENDIX E s s s s s s S T T T T
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APPENDIX E 251 IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY
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APPENDIX E 253 p p T (alp) (a/o) (0
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APPENDIX E P (a/s) P falsI 5 (alp)
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~ APPENDIX F 257 lOP = 5/9°C 1°C
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REFERENCES 259 Nemec, J.M. Nigg <st
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REFERENCES 261 Cochran, L.
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REFERENCES 263 Etzioni, A., 1985: M
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REFERENCES 265 Graham, B., 1992: An
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REFERENCES 267 Katz, R.W., 1993: To
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REFERENCES 269 Mesthene, E.G., 1967
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REFERENCES 271 south Florida. Part
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REFERENCES 273 Smith, K., 1992: Env
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REFERENCES 275 Wolensky, R.P. <stro
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INDEX 277 eye wall concentric eye w
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INDEX silver iodide 112 Simpson, Ro
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