Hurricanes: Their Nature and Impacts on Society - Climate Science ...

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I.. HURRICANE ANDREW: FORECAST, IMPACT, RESPONSE Legend: [ill Strips less affected by Andrew .Strips more affected by Andrew Worst Case Scenario: Property damage: $62 billion Actual: $20 billion People homeless: 1,6 million Actual: 350,000 $4.9 billion \ " ~""'~(:::. Y;:::;, ~;1:~ million :: .." ( $6.6 (centered billion on Flagler St.) ..6 1.6 $2.3 billion /146,108 people (centered on Flagler St.) ()ifJ ,~' 00" ,otI> ,000 people Beach 4/lantic Ocean 169 Figure 7.2 Property values <strong>and</strong> population in one-mile strips overlaid with the swath of south Florida most affected by Andrew. Source: Doig (I 992b). Reprinted with permission of The Miami Herald hurricanes, <strong>and</strong> coastal communities cannot let down their guard (AMS 1986; Hebert, Jarrell <strong>and</strong> Mayfield 1993). In addition to physical injuries, victims also experienced psychological trauma (Naunton 1992). According to Dr Charles Gibbs, a clinical psychologist <strong>and</strong> chainnan of the Dade County Crisis Response Task Force, "The survivors are suffering a myriad of problems". For instance, he noted that: There's a lot of anxiety, restlessness, <strong>and</strong> an increase in anger <strong>and</strong> irritability - all of which is a perfectly normal response to a disaster of this magnitude. Many of the children are suffering night terrors. They see "Andrew" as a real person <strong>and</strong> they're afraid he's coming back, that he's going to kill them. People feel like they're in a war zone down here -there are 18 000 troops, <strong>and</strong> the air is filled with helicopters. (Quoted in Mauro 1992)
170 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPACT ON SOCIETY While the psychological effects of Hurricane Andrew were especially hard on children, adults also experienced depression <strong>and</strong> Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, which can lead to sleep disorders, intense guilt, <strong>and</strong> phobic reactions (Mauro 1992). 7.3.2 Building codes: construction, implementation, enforcement, <strong>and</strong> compliance Because Dade County's building codes have long been considered by many to be among the strictest in the nation, much of the widespread damage following Andrew was unexpected. Investigations into the causes of the damage revealed that not only was it unexpected, but unnecessary as well. Unexpected patterns of damage The unexpected extent of wind damage led to some of the most important lessons of Hurricane Andrew in south Florida. According to one assessment: The South Florida Building Code is one of the toughest in the country, <strong>and</strong> all observers agree that if Hurricane Andrew had hit almost any other location on the U.S. coastline, deaths <strong>and</strong> damage would have been much higher due to a greater number of building structure failures. (Levy <strong>and</strong> Toulman 1993) Yet, even though south Florida does have a strong building code, Andrew revealed extensive flaws in the code implementation <strong>and</strong> enforcement process, as well as in the code itself. According to insurance industry estimates, poor compliance with the south Florida building codes accounted for 25% to 40%, or about $4 billion to $6.5 billion, of the insured losses in south Florida due to Hurricane Andrew (Noonan 1993). That Dade County has long been considered to have among the most rigorous <strong>and</strong> well-enforced hurricane-related building codes should give pause to the other 167 coastal counties from Texas to Maine. If Dade County is indeed the best prepared, <strong>and</strong> it suffered at least $4 billion in preventable damages, then there are almost certainly great opportunities to reduce the potential for property damage elsewhere along the Atlantic <strong>and</strong> Gulf coasts. However, even with strict enforcement of the South Florida Building Code, Andrew would still have been the costliest hurricane in history. Thus, it is indeed frightening to consider the potential impacts of an Andrew-like storm on other populous coastal communities along the US Gulf <strong>and</strong> Atlantic coasts. According to a joint Federal Emergency Management Agency/Federal Insurance Administration assessment of building performance in Hurricane Andrew, excessive damage occurred due to a number of factors.
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Hurricanes
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Copyright @ 1997 by John Wiley & So
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Dedication Foreword. Preface. Conte
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CONTENTS 5.3 5.2.3 WindY. . 5.2.4 R
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Foreword Before the mid-l 960s, stu
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X11 FOREWORD The lessons of Camille
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XVI PREFACE One of the fundamental
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XVlll PREFACE about the need for so
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2 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
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4 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
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INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcnON: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND H
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INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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I I I I A -Nr"1v ~ r/) ,:,.," 0- 0-
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INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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21 INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, A
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INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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CHAPTER 2 The US Hurricane Problem
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM human acti
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM of their p
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 37 2.1.3 S
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 39 activit
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Figure 2.3
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM on an intr
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.1
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TIm us HURRICANE PROBLEM ~ I (a) -.
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM emissions)
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 51 Figure
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM (ODDs) 193
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 55 Figure
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM preparedne
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 59 threat
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nIB US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.3
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 63 Paralle
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Congress,
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 67 Appendi
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TRC!>PICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH
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71 TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EART
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH F
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH (
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH o
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH N
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH I
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH 3
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35 ,~ 20 1201 55 TROPICAL CYCLONES
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH 9
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HURRICANE FORECASTS Figure 4.1 The
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* t " , " ' " i : , , j !' \ HURRIC
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HURRICANE FORECASTS (e) 7AM ~ ..i~~
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HURRICANE Fa RECASTS While the news
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~-~ "'"00 ;-:'O-= -=-~"'" a",.- .->
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102 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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Page 135 and 136: CHAPTERS When a hurricane forms, it
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APPENDIX D Table 0.10 Southeast Ind
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APPENDIX E 233
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APPENDIX E In sum, TDS provides an
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APPENDIX 0 ~ION E 237 A period of t
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APPENDIX E IF SITUATION W~S P (alp)
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29. APPENDIX E p (0) 5 (a/p) T (alp
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APPENDIX E p (0) p p S T (a/o) (a/p
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APPENDIX E p p 5 p (alp) (r) S (r)
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APPENDIX E 247 P (al p p P (alp) p
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D APPENDIX E s s s s s s S T T T T
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APPENDIX E 251 IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY
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APPENDIX E 253 p p T (alp) (a/o) (0
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APPENDIX E P (a/s) P falsI 5 (alp)
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~ APPENDIX F 257 lOP = 5/9°C 1°C
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REFERENCES 259 Nemec, J.M. Nigg <st
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REFERENCES 261 Cochran, L.
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REFERENCES 263 Etzioni, A., 1985: M
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REFERENCES 265 Graham, B., 1992: An
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REFERENCES 267 Katz, R.W., 1993: To
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REFERENCES 269 Mesthene, E.G., 1967
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REFERENCES 271 south Florida. Part
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REFERENCES 273 Smith, K., 1992: Env
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REFERENCES 275 Wolensky, R.P. <stro
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INDEX 277 eye wall concentric eye w
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INDEX silver iodide 112 Simpson, Ro
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