Hurricanes: Their Nature and Impacts on Society - Climate Science ...

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HURRICANE IMPACfS 137 Comparison: the problem of demographic change Communities that are vulnerable to hurricanes are undergoing constant change. People move. Homes <strong>and</strong> businesses are built. The storm that hit Miami in 1926 struck a very different place than the storm that hit Miami in 1992 (Andrew), even though, geographically, it is the same place. Thus, comparing hurricane impacts across time <strong>and</strong> space is problematic. Storms that make l<strong>and</strong>fall in relatively sparsely populated areas would have certainly left a greater legacy of damages had they made l<strong>and</strong>fall over a major metropolitan area. Yet, damage statistics often go into the historical record noting only storm name <strong>and</strong> economic damage (usually adjusted only for inflation). Such statistics can lead to mistaken conclusions about the significance of trends in hurricane damage. Because population <strong>and</strong> property at risk to hurricanes have increased dramatically this century, the statistics generally employed may grossly underestimate our vulnerability to hurricanes. Therefore, care must be taken in the use of bottom-line damage estimates as guides to policy conclusions based on a description of apparent trends. One method of "normalizing" past storm damages for today's conditions is given by Pielke <strong>and</strong> L<strong>and</strong>sea (1997). The bottom line: apples with apples, oranges with oranges There are many ways to measure the costs associated with a hurricane. There is no one "right" way. The method chosen for measurement of the cost of damages depends upon the purposes for which the measurement is made, <strong>and</strong> therefore must be determined on a case-by-case basis. No matter what method is employed when assessing the cost of damages associated with a hurricane, the analyst needs to ensure at least two things. First, the analyst needs to make explicit the assumptions which guide the assessment: what is being measured, how, <strong>and</strong> why. Second, compare "apples with apples <strong>and</strong> oranges with oranges." If the purpose is to compare the impacts of Camille with Andrew or even Hugo with Andrew, the analyst has to make certain that the methods employed result in conclusions which are meaningful in a comparative setting. The same caution ought to be observed when comparing Andrew with, say, the Midwest floods of 1993 or the 1994 Northridge earthquake. 5.3.3 Summary To summarize, tropical cyclones impact ocean <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong> environments. In some cases, these impacts can be quite extreme in the form of wind <strong>and</strong> precipitation. Society's concerns about hurricane impacts result from economic damages, casualties, <strong>and</strong> other effects of storms. While intense hurricanes are historically responsible for most of the economic damages, large loss of
138 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPACT ON SOCIETY life occurs due to weak hurricanes <strong>and</strong> even tropical storms <strong>and</strong> unnamed depressions. Assessment of hurricane impacts is important because it allows decision-makers to determine the relative significance of hurricanes in relation to the many other issues that vie for scarce resources. Assessment of actual <strong>and</strong> potential impacts sets the stage for society's response to tropical cyclones.
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Hurricanes
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Copyright @ 1997 by John Wiley & So
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Dedication Foreword. Preface. Conte
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CONTENTS 5.3 5.2.3 WindY. . 5.2.4 R
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Foreword Before the mid-l 960s, stu
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X11 FOREWORD The lessons of Camille
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XVI PREFACE One of the fundamental
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XVlll PREFACE about the need for so
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2 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
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4 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
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INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcnON: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND H
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INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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I I I I A -Nr"1v ~ r/) ,:,.," 0- 0-
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INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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21 INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, A
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INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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CHAPTER 2 The US Hurricane Problem
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM human acti
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM of their p
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 37 2.1.3 S
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 39 activit
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Figure 2.3
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM on an intr
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.1
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TIm us HURRICANE PROBLEM ~ I (a) -.
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM emissions)
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 51 Figure
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM (ODDs) 193
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 55 Figure
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM preparedne
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 59 threat
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nIB US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.3
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 63 Paralle
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Congress,
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 67 Appendi
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TRC!>PICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH
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71 TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EART
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH F
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH (
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH o
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH N
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH I
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Page 109 and 110: HURRICANE FORECASTS Figure 4.1 The
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Page 113 and 114: HURRICANE FORECASTS (e) 7AM ~ ..i~~
Page 115 and 116: HURRICANE Fa RECASTS While the news
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Page 119 and 120: 102 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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Page 135 and 136: CHAPTERS When a hurricane forms, it
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188 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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APPENDIX A CHAPTER! Byerly, R., 199
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40 000 30 000 20'000 10 000 APPENDI
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APPENDIX C Selected Data on Tropica
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Figure C.4 Cont: Tracks of intense
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APPENDIX C 209 '";ij' 40 Q) ~ C) Q)
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211 APPENDIX D Table D.2 Eastern No
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APPENDIX D Table D.6 Western Austra
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APPENDIX D Table D.8 Fiji Region Na
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APPENDIX D Table 0.10 Southeast Ind
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APPENDIX E 233
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APPENDIX E In sum, TDS provides an
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APPENDIX 0 ~ION E 237 A period of t
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APPENDIX E IF SITUATION W~S P (alp)
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29. APPENDIX E p (0) 5 (a/p) T (alp
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APPENDIX E p (0) p p S T (a/o) (a/p
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APPENDIX E p p 5 p (alp) (r) S (r)
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APPENDIX E 247 P (al p p P (alp) p
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D APPENDIX E s s s s s s S T T T T
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APPENDIX E 251 IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY
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APPENDIX E 253 p p T (alp) (a/o) (0
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APPENDIX E P (a/s) P falsI 5 (alp)
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~ APPENDIX F 257 lOP = 5/9°C 1°C
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REFERENCES 259 Nemec, J.M. Nigg <st
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REFERENCES 261 Cochran, L.
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REFERENCES 263 Etzioni, A., 1985: M
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REFERENCES 265 Graham, B., 1992: An
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REFERENCES 267 Katz, R.W., 1993: To
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REFERENCES 269 Mesthene, E.G., 1967
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REFERENCES 271 south Florida. Part
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REFERENCES 273 Smith, K., 1992: Env
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REFERENCES 275 Wolensky, R.P. <stro
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INDEX 277 eye wall concentric eye w
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INDEX silver iodide 112 Simpson, Ro
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