Hurricanes: Their Nature and Impacts on Society - Climate Science ...

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Figure 4.2 Track of Hurricane Betsy from 27 August to 10 September, 1965. Source: DOC (Department of Commerce) 1965 High center to the west, the subsequent track of Betsy traveled around the new position of the Bermuda High, eventually slamming into New Orleans when it finally began once more moving northward around the western flank of the Bermuda High. A major forecast problem associated with this storm was when it would begin its turn towards the west around the southern periphery of the High. An earlier turn would have brought Betsy onshore near Miami, with possible major devastation to that urbanized area. A later turn would have permitted the storm to pass through the Florida Straits. As it happened, the storm crossed over the Florida Keys. The steering current associated with Hurricane Andrew is shown in Figure 4.3. Displayed in these figures are the wind speeds <strong>and</strong> directions averaged across the troposphere from a height of about 1 mile (850 mb) to about 7.5 miles (200 mb). The position of Andrew's center at each of the times is superimposed on the figures. The movement of Andrew by this steering current is evident in Figure 4.3 as it traveled westward across South Florida <strong>and</strong> then northwest into Louisiana. Figure 4.3 (a-h) Steering current (defined as the average wind~speed <strong>and</strong> direction between 850 millibars <strong>and</strong> 200 millibars) for Hurricane Andrew at 12-hour intervals starting at 7 am Eastern St<strong>and</strong>ard Time on 22 August 1992. In the figure, the length of the arrows represents the speed of the steering current where a unit arrow of 5.6 miles per hour (~2.5 meters per second) is displayed. The position of Andrew's center is shown by the hurricane symbol. (Figure prepared by Joe Eastman, Colorado State University).
* t " , " ' " i : , , j !' \ HURRICANE FORECASTS 95 (a) .."".. i " "I ., " ..~ ~ .~"i"""~~~~"'&&~"~~"" AUGUST 22 I. 99 2 -,. -,. ~--.,..~~-.-:;..~tJ..l~---~--~--~-+~-'::;;::; ~.,.t""~~~-o..~~-~ -+~~~~-;..~--;,.~ ,? ~ '" ~i~~~~~~~-"~ ~ ~ -..~ ~ ~ \.. "", ~ i ! \ ..i..., ~ .." ,1 ., ..y ~ "' ~ y ...~ :1 ~ ~_..~ ~ ~ ~ ~--~--~ ¥ ~ ,,---,;- , 1'- II- L < ~ & , ., f : jE- '" '"' " ~ ~ ~ "\ \ i L,L~)""""t~~~~~"\""L ,. :,6 i..~-~ ;,...~~~_i..,-~ i ~ \ i \ '- i'- '- ..'t: " ."'\., " ..~ \.. L ~ ,) -: ," ' ;!.. "I., " " ~ i'- L ~ (b) AUGUST 22,1992 : :T: ~ : :f 4 " i.. ~ ct" 7!" " ": !' "'...~ <
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Hurricanes
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Copyright @ 1997 by John Wiley & So
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Dedication Foreword. Preface. Conte
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CONTENTS 5.3 5.2.3 WindY. . 5.2.4 R
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Foreword Before the mid-l 960s, stu
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X11 FOREWORD The lessons of Camille
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XVI PREFACE One of the fundamental
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XVlll PREFACE about the need for so
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2 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
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4 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
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INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcnON: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND H
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INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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I I I I A -Nr"1v ~ r/) ,:,.," 0- 0-
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INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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21 INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, A
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INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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CHAPTER 2 The US Hurricane Problem
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM human acti
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM of their p
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 37 2.1.3 S
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 39 activit
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Figure 2.3
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Page 61 and 62: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.1
Page 63 and 64: TIm us HURRICANE PROBLEM ~ I (a) -.
Page 65 and 66: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM emissions)
Page 67 and 68: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 51 Figure
Page 69 and 70: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM (ODDs) 193
Page 71 and 72: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 55 Figure
Page 73 and 74: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM preparedne
Page 75 and 76: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 59 threat
Page 77 and 78: nIB US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.3
Page 79 and 80: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 63 Paralle
Page 81 and 82: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Congress,
Page 83 and 84: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 67 Appendi
Page 85 and 86: TRC!>PICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH
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Page 89 and 90: TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH F
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Page 105 and 106: 35 ,~ 20 1201 55 TROPICAL CYCLONES
Page 107 and 108: TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH 9
Page 109: HURRICANE FORECASTS Figure 4.1 The
Page 113 and 114: HURRICANE FORECASTS (e) 7AM ~ ..i~~
Page 115 and 116: HURRICANE Fa RECASTS While the news
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Page 119 and 120: 102 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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Page 127 and 128: ~ .I;~ a ;;'0 . ~ ! ~ " 0 'I' -§.
Page 135 and 136: CHAPTERS When a hurricane forms, it
Page 143 and 144: I ~..;. 126 HURRICANES: THEm NATURE
Page 145 and 146: ~'\ '" 128 \ '-- HURRICANES: THEIR
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144 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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CHAPTER? 7.1 INTRODUCflON As recoun
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APPENDIX A CHAPTER! Byerly, R., 199
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40 000 30 000 20'000 10 000 APPENDI
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APPENDIX C Selected Data on Tropica
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Figure C.4 Cont: Tracks of intense
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'-'2 ..~ ,-..~ \OQ. ~~ -I" -(') 3.
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APPENDIX C 209 '";ij' 40 Q) ~ C) Q)
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211 APPENDIX D Table D.2 Eastern No
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APPENDIX D Table D.6 Western Austra
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APPENDIX D Table D.8 Fiji Region Na
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APPENDIX D Table 0.10 Southeast Ind
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: 8. ~A ". ~ 00 tU : V ~ ~ ~ V z 8,
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on "'-va , £.c 0 I::.cp. V'O cn ,'
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. OK OK U ~ ,. , , ..' ..~ '"' Z !
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UJ ~ UJ P-'-'" s~~ 0 In + In O-o>,V
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~ =.d.- ~ 0 ..., E-' g S u 'U~ =.g'
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.s~~ ~...:s ~.9: .- .. ..c ..co " ,
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APPENDIX E 233
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APPENDIX E In sum, TDS provides an
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APPENDIX 0 ~ION E 237 A period of t
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APPENDIX E IF SITUATION W~S P (alp)
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29. APPENDIX E p (0) 5 (a/p) T (alp
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APPENDIX E p (0) p p S T (a/o) (a/p
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APPENDIX E p p 5 p (alp) (r) S (r)
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APPENDIX E 247 P (al p p P (alp) p
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D APPENDIX E s s s s s s S T T T T
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APPENDIX E 251 IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY
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APPENDIX E 253 p p T (alp) (a/o) (0
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APPENDIX E P (a/s) P falsI 5 (alp)
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~ APPENDIX F 257 lOP = 5/9°C 1°C
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REFERENCES 259 Nemec, J.M. Nigg <st
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REFERENCES 261 Cochran, L.
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REFERENCES 263 Etzioni, A., 1985: M
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REFERENCES 265 Graham, B., 1992: An
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REFERENCES 267 Katz, R.W., 1993: To
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REFERENCES 269 Mesthene, E.G., 1967
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REFERENCES 271 south Florida. Part
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REFERENCES 273 Smith, K., 1992: Env
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REFERENCES 275 Wolensky, R.P. <stro
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INDEX 277 eye wall concentric eye w
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INDEX silver iodide 112 Simpson, Ro
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