Hurricanes: Their Nature and Impacts on Society - Climate Science ...

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18 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPACT ON SOCIETY Table 1.2 The repeating six-year list of names of Atlantic tropical cyclones, given when a cyclone reaches tropical storm strength. The letters Q, U, X, Y, <strong>and</strong> Z are not used. 2003 will use the names of 1997 (except those that are retired), 2004 will use those from 1998, <strong>and</strong> so on 1997 1998 Ana Bill Claudette Danny Erika Fabian Grace Henri Isabel Juan Kate Larry Mindy Nicholas Odette Peter Rose Sam Teresa Victor W<strong>and</strong>a Alex Bonnie Charley Danielle Earl Frances Georges Hermine Ivan Jeanne Karl Lisa Mitch Nicole OUo Paula Richard Shary Tomas Virginie Walter 1999 2000 2001 2002 Arlene Bret Cindy Dennis Emily Floyd Gert Harvey Irene Jose Katrina Lenny Maria Nate Ophelia Philippe Rita Stan Tammy Vince Wilma Alberto Beryl Chris Debby Emesto Florence Gordon Helene Isaac Joyce Keith Leslie Michael Nadine Oscar Patty Rafael S<strong>and</strong>y Tony Valerie William Allison Barry Chantal Dean Erin Felix Gabrielle Humberto Iris Jerry Karen Lorenzo Michelle Noel Olga Pablo Rebekah Sebastien Tanya Van Wendy Arthur Bertha Cesar Dolly Edouard Fran Gustav Hortense Isidore Josephine Kyle Lili Marco Nana Omar Paloma Rene Sally Teddy Vicky Wilfred send him to the mainl<strong>and</strong> colonies to further his education, thus setting the stage for his political career. Tropical storms were once named after the particular "saint's day" that fell nearest the hurricane event (Tannehill 1952). For instance, "Hurricane Santa Ana" hit Puerto Rico on 26 July 1825 (see Rodriguez 1995). Today, tropical cyclones are "named" when they reach tropical storm strength. According to one explanation, this practice dates to the 1950s, following the publication of George R. Stewart's Storm, a book that featured a forecaster who named storms (Williams 1992). Another explanation is that the hurricane-naming convention began with a military radio operator who during World War n ended each hurricane warning singing "Every little breeze seems to whisper Louise," prompting the naming of a particular hurricane Louise (Henry, Portier <strong>and</strong> Coyne 1994). Whatever the origin, the practice caught on because it proved useful in identifying different storms that existed simultaneously. The personification of the extreme event was also found to be a valuable practice by the various user communities. Until 1979, tropical storms were given only women's names in English. In 1979 forecasters began to use men's, French, <strong>and</strong> Spanish names as well. Table 1.2 shows the repeating six-year list
INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND HURRICANES of names assigned to tropical cyclones in the Atlantic put together by the World Meteorological Organization <strong>and</strong> also found at the National Hurricane Center's website at www.nhc.noaa.gov/names.html (see Appendix D for a list of names used around the world). <strong>Hurricanes</strong> which cause significant damage or are particularly memorable, such as Andrew (1992), Camille (1969), or Gilbert (1988), are retired <strong>and</strong> those names are not used again. Table 1.3 lists the retired hurricanes up to 1995 <strong>and</strong> notes the death <strong>and</strong> damages associated with each. The deadliest <strong>and</strong> costliest hurricanes to impact the United States are listed in Appendix B. 1.3.3 Ten notable hurricanes of the past century Each of the hurricanes that have had their names retired since 1954 are notable for the extreme impacts on the affected communities or regions. Indeed, many hurricanes that occurred prior to 1950 are also notable for their societal impacts. Rappaport <strong>and</strong> Fern<strong>and</strong>ez-Partagas (1995), Ludlam (1963), <strong>and</strong> Tannehill (1952) describe significant historical storms of the period 1900- 1950. However, a number of the hurricanes of the past century deserve special mention due to the significance of their impacts on the United States. Galveston 1900 On 8 September 1900, tremendous waves began breaking on the beaches of Galveston, Texas, drawing curious spectators to the beach from the town (Dunn <strong>and</strong> Miller 1964). As the barometer of Dr I.M. Cline, a meteorologist, dropped rapidly, eventually reading 931 mb, he began to warn many residents of an approaching storm. Though many heeded his warning, others went to the beach to witness the high surf. It is commonly believed that 6000 people died, but recent research suggests that as many as 12 000 people, including Dr Cline's wife, lost their lives due to the high winds <strong>and</strong> 20 foot storm surge that devastated the city (Rappaport <strong>and</strong> Fem<strong>and</strong>ez-Partagas 1995). The storm was the most deadly natural disaster in United States history (<strong>and</strong> remained so up to at least 1996). Miami 1926 A powerful hurricane made l<strong>and</strong>fall over Miami Beach at midnight, 18 September 1926 (Rosenfeld 1996). A Weather Bureau meteorologist recorded a low pressure reading of27.61 inches of mercury, a Category 4 storm. The storm surge was about 8 feet at the Miami waterfront, <strong>and</strong> about 9 feet on Miami Beach. The largely unexpected storm left over 200 fatalities in its wake <strong>and</strong> hundreds of millions of dollars of damage (Dunn <strong>and</strong> Miller 1964). In another south Florida storm two years later, more than 1800 people drowned when Lake Okeechobee overflowed due to strong hurricane winds. A result of the 1928 19
Page 2 and 3: Hurricanes
Page 4 and 5: Copyright @ 1997 by John Wiley & So
Page 6 and 7: Dedication Foreword. Preface. Conte
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS 5.3 5.2.3 WindY. . 5.2.4 R
Page 10 and 11: Foreword Before the mid-l 960s, stu
Page 12 and 13: X11 FOREWORD The lessons of Camille
Page 14 and 15: XVI PREFACE One of the fundamental
Page 16 and 17: XVlll PREFACE about the need for so
Page 18 and 19: 2 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
Page 20: 4 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
Page 23 and 24: INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUcnON: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND H
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 29 and 30: INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 31 and 32: INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 33: I I I I A -Nr"1v ~ r/) ,:,.," 0- 0-
Page 37 and 38: 21 INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, A
Page 39 and 40: INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
Page 45 and 46: INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER 2 The US Hurricane Problem
Page 49 and 50: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM human acti
Page 51 and 52: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM of their p
Page 53 and 54: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 37 2.1.3 S
Page 55 and 56: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 39 activit
Page 57 and 58: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Figure 2.3
Page 59 and 60: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM on an intr
Page 61 and 62: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.1
Page 63 and 64: TIm us HURRICANE PROBLEM ~ I (a) -.
Page 65 and 66: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM emissions)
Page 67 and 68: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 51 Figure
Page 69 and 70: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM (ODDs) 193
Page 71 and 72: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 55 Figure
Page 73 and 74: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM preparedne
Page 75 and 76: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 59 threat
Page 77 and 78: nIB US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.3
Page 79 and 80: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 63 Paralle
Page 81 and 82: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Congress,
Page 83 and 84: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 67 Appendi
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TRC!>PICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH
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71 TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EART
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH F
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH (
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH o
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH N
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH I
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH 3
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35 ,~ 20 1201 55 TROPICAL CYCLONES
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH 9
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HURRICANE FORECASTS Figure 4.1 The
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* t " , " ' " i : , , j !' \ HURRIC
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HURRICANE FORECASTS (e) 7AM ~ ..i~~
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HURRICANE Fa RECASTS While the news
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102 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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CHAPTERS When a hurricane forms, it
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I ~..;. 126 HURRICANES: THEm NATURE
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~'\ '" 128 \ '-- HURRICANES: THEIR
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~ I 00- .". ~ -0( v 1a u .§ ~ ...g
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CHAPTER? 7.1 INTRODUCflON As recoun
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APPENDIX A CHAPTER! Byerly, R., 199
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40 000 30 000 20'000 10 000 APPENDI
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APPENDIX C Selected Data on Tropica
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Figure C.4 Cont: Tracks of intense
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'-'2 ..~ ,-..~ \OQ. ~~ -I" -(') 3.
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APPENDIX C 209 '";ij' 40 Q) ~ C) Q)
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211 APPENDIX D Table D.2 Eastern No
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APPENDIX D Table D.6 Western Austra
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APPENDIX D Table D.8 Fiji Region Na
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APPENDIX D Table 0.10 Southeast Ind
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on "'-va , £.c 0 I::.cp. V'O cn ,'
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APPENDIX E 233
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APPENDIX E In sum, TDS provides an
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APPENDIX 0 ~ION E 237 A period of t
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APPENDIX E IF SITUATION W~S P (alp)
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29. APPENDIX E p (0) 5 (a/p) T (alp
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APPENDIX E p (0) p p S T (a/o) (a/p
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APPENDIX E p p 5 p (alp) (r) S (r)
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APPENDIX E 247 P (al p p P (alp) p
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D APPENDIX E s s s s s s S T T T T
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APPENDIX E 251 IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY
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APPENDIX E 253 p p T (alp) (a/o) (0
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APPENDIX E P (a/s) P falsI 5 (alp)
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~ APPENDIX F 257 lOP = 5/9°C 1°C
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REFERENCES 259 Nemec, J.M. Nigg <st
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REFERENCES 261 Cochran, L.
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REFERENCES 263 Etzioni, A., 1985: M
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REFERENCES 265 Graham, B., 1992: An
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REFERENCES 267 Katz, R.W., 1993: To
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REFERENCES 269 Mesthene, E.G., 1967
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REFERENCES 271 south Florida. Part
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REFERENCES 273 Smith, K., 1992: Env
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REFERENCES 275 Wolensky, R.P. <stro
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INDEX 277 eye wall concentric eye w
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INDEX silver iodide 112 Simpson, Ro
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