Hurricanes: Their Nature and Impacts on Society - Climate Science ...

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90 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPACT ON SOCIETY 0 the eye ::::::::\ Tropical Storm :::. Winds Soffir/ Simpson Level I Soffir/Simpson Level 2 Figure 3.17 Use of the Saffir/Simpson scale to delineate changes in storm intensity over time Tropical cyclones, of course, are not points or line segments but have areas of influence. A more informative method of presenting movement over time is to display the areas of wind speeds, <strong>and</strong> the region of different intensities of hurricane force winds, using the Saffir/Simpson scale. Figure 3.17 schematically shows how such a presentation would appear for a storm that evolves from a tropical storm (at time 0) to a hurricane level 2 (at time 36 hours). The National Hurricane Center routinely produces such maps, delineating tropical storms, hurricane, <strong>and</strong> intense hurricane strengths. Figure 3.18 shows such a map for Hurricane Fran in 1996.
TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH 91 FigUre 3.18 National Hurricane Center map for Hurricane Fran in 1996 demarking trowcal storm, hurricane, <strong>and</strong> intense hurricane strength over time. Such maps can be Ibcated for all hurricanes at the NHC WWW site at http://www.nhc.noaa.gov The impacts of tropical cyclones are felt to some extent on every continent on the planet. Society is particularly concerned regarding the impacts of intense hurricanes in regions of heavy population density. However, weak hurricanes, tropical storms, <strong>and</strong> tropical depressions also pose si~cant threats to society through heavy rain <strong>and</strong> winds. To respond to these threats, scientists have devoted considerable attention, <strong>and</strong> policy-makers considerable resources, to underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>and</strong> predicting the movement <strong>and</strong> intensity of tropical cyclones. It is to that subject that we now turn.
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Hurricanes
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Copyright @ 1997 by John Wiley & So
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Dedication Foreword. Preface. Conte
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CONTENTS 5.3 5.2.3 WindY. . 5.2.4 R
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Foreword Before the mid-l 960s, stu
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X11 FOREWORD The lessons of Camille
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XVI PREFACE One of the fundamental
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XVlll PREFACE about the need for so
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2 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
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4 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
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INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcnON: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND H
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INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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I I I I A -Nr"1v ~ r/) ,:,.," 0- 0-
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INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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21 INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, A
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INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
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INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
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CHAPTER 2 The US Hurricane Problem
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM human acti
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM of their p
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 37 2.1.3 S
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Page 57 and 58: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Figure 2.3
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Page 61 and 62: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.1
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Page 65 and 66: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM emissions)
Page 67 and 68: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 51 Figure
Page 69 and 70: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM (ODDs) 193
Page 71 and 72: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 55 Figure
Page 73 and 74: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM preparedne
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Page 77 and 78: nIB US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.3
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Page 83 and 84: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 67 Appendi
Page 85 and 86: TRC!>PICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH
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Page 109 and 110: HURRICANE FORECASTS Figure 4.1 The
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Page 113 and 114: HURRICANE FORECASTS (e) 7AM ~ ..i~~
Page 115 and 116: HURRICANE Fa RECASTS While the news
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Page 119 and 120: 102 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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Page 135 and 136: CHAPTERS When a hurricane forms, it
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140 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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CHAPTER? 7.1 INTRODUCflON As recoun
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APPENDIX A CHAPTER! Byerly, R., 199
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40 000 30 000 20'000 10 000 APPENDI
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APPENDIX C Selected Data on Tropica
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Figure C.4 Cont: Tracks of intense
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'-'2 ..~ ,-..~ \OQ. ~~ -I" -(') 3.
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APPENDIX C 209 '";ij' 40 Q) ~ C) Q)
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211 APPENDIX D Table D.2 Eastern No
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APPENDIX D Table D.6 Western Austra
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APPENDIX D Table D.8 Fiji Region Na
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APPENDIX D Table 0.10 Southeast Ind
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: 8. ~A ". ~ 00 tU : V ~ ~ ~ V z 8,
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on "'-va , £.c 0 I::.cp. V'O cn ,'
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UJ ~ UJ P-'-'" s~~ 0 In + In O-o>,V
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APPENDIX E 233
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APPENDIX E In sum, TDS provides an
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APPENDIX 0 ~ION E 237 A period of t
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APPENDIX E IF SITUATION W~S P (alp)
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29. APPENDIX E p (0) 5 (a/p) T (alp
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APPENDIX E p (0) p p S T (a/o) (a/p
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APPENDIX E p p 5 p (alp) (r) S (r)
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APPENDIX E 247 P (al p p P (alp) p
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D APPENDIX E s s s s s s S T T T T
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APPENDIX E 251 IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY
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APPENDIX E 253 p p T (alp) (a/o) (0
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APPENDIX E P (a/s) P falsI 5 (alp)
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~ APPENDIX F 257 lOP = 5/9°C 1°C
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REFERENCES 259 Nemec, J.M. Nigg <st
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REFERENCES 261 Cochran, L.
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REFERENCES 263 Etzioni, A., 1985: M
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REFERENCES 265 Graham, B., 1992: An
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REFERENCES 267 Katz, R.W., 1993: To
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REFERENCES 269 Mesthene, E.G., 1967
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REFERENCES 271 south Florida. Part
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REFERENCES 273 Smith, K., 1992: Env
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REFERENCES 275 Wolensky, R.P. <stro
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INDEX 277 eye wall concentric eye w
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INDEX silver iodide 112 Simpson, Ro
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