Hurricanes: Their Nature and Impacts on Society - Climate Science ...

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8 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPACT ON SOCIETY Figure 1.2 The path of Hurricane Andrew's l<strong>and</strong>fall south of Miami, 24 August 1992 some refugees slept soundly, some worried whether they were going to make it, <strong>and</strong> others tried to slip outside for a quick cigarette (Barry 1992). Although the North Miami Beach High School shelter was crowded beyond capacity, many fewer people sought refuge in the shelters than had been expected. According to one report, 43 000 people weathered the storm in 47 public shelters. Red Cross officials said that they would have been
INTRODUcnON: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND HURRICANES 9 overwhelmed had the shelters been refuge for the full 75 000 Dade County residents that were originally expected (USACE/FEMA 1993). In Broward County, about 26 000 people sought refuge in the public shelters, out of the 70000 that were expected (Markowitz 1992). One hero of the event was a television weatherman (Bodeker 1992). Brian Norcross of Miami's Channel 4 was on the air for about 22 hours straight, with only a few breaks. The safety of many people is attributed to the directions that he broadcast from a storage closet at Channel 4 (George 1992). According to Leonard Pitts, Jr, a staff writer for The Miami Herald: TV weatherman Bryan Norcross, broadcasting on radio station Y-I00 probably saved our lives. .."If you feel threatened," [Norcross] said, "don't be afraid to hunker down in an interior closet <strong>and</strong> shield yourself with mattresses." It sounded like such a foolish thing to do. The house shuddered. Water came through the front door <strong>and</strong> hit the back of my neck. "Honey," I said, "this may sound like a foolish thing to do, but. .." Moments later, we had gathered food <strong>and</strong> water <strong>and</strong> heavy pillows from the couch, emptied a bedroom closet of clothes <strong>and</strong> shoes <strong>and</strong> taken refuge inside. We spent the remainder of the night there, sometimes listening by flashlight to updates from Norcross <strong>and</strong> his colleagues. (Pitts 1992) In addition to where to seek refuge before the storm, Norcross informed people as to what supplies to stock, what to do with cars <strong>and</strong> pets, <strong>and</strong> the best routes to evacuate. Mter the storm Norcross was widely praised in south Florida <strong>and</strong> beyond. Not all were fortunate enough to fInd safe haven from the storm. Lorenzo <strong>and</strong> Josefa Sopedra, both Cuban immigrants, took refuge in their poorly built farmhouse in south Dade County with their five children <strong>and</strong> five other people. At about 4:00 am their roof blew off, <strong>and</strong> all 12 of them rushed through the rain of debris <strong>and</strong> wind-driven missiles to a small storage trailer near the house. Within minutes the wind had begun to roll the trailer across a field. One after another each of them fell from the trailer as it split open. It fInally disintegrated completely, exposing them to the raw power of the storm. Vidal Perez, who lived <strong>and</strong> worked on the farm, died of the wounds he sustained when he fell from the trailer; Sopedra's brother died as well (Garcia, Neal <strong>and</strong> Tanfani 1992). The two victims from the Sopedra farmhouse were among 14 people who lost their lives during the hours of Andrew's l<strong>and</strong>fall in south Florida (DOC 1993). As Andrew's winds diminished, residents of south Florida emerged from their homes <strong>and</strong> shelters to scenes of devastation. However, for forecasters at the NHC, Andrew's impacts were still of primary concern as they turned their attention to where Andrew would go next. At 9:00 am a hurricane watch was posted from Mobile, Alabama, to Sabine Pass, Texas, as the Gulf Coast braced for Andrew's second l<strong>and</strong>fall. The full fury of Andrew's impact in south Florida lasted less than five hours. In this short period lives were changed forever. A police officer from
Page 2 and 3: Hurricanes
Page 4 and 5: Copyright @ 1997 by John Wiley & So
Page 6 and 7: Dedication Foreword. Preface. Conte
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS 5.3 5.2.3 WindY. . 5.2.4 R
Page 10 and 11: Foreword Before the mid-l 960s, stu
Page 12 and 13: X11 FOREWORD The lessons of Camille
Page 14 and 15: XVI PREFACE One of the fundamental
Page 16 and 17: XVlll PREFACE about the need for so
Page 18 and 19: 2 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
Page 20: 4 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IMPA
Page 23: INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 29 and 30: INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 31 and 32: INTRODUcrION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 33 and 34: I I I I A -Nr"1v ~ r/) ,:,.," 0- 0-
Page 35 and 36: INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 37 and 38: 21 INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, POLICY, A
Page 39 and 40: INTRODUCfION: SCffiNCE, POLICY, AND
Page 45 and 46: INTRODUCfION: SCIENCE, POLICY, AND
Page 47 and 48: CHAPTER 2 The US Hurricane Problem
Page 49 and 50: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM human acti
Page 51 and 52: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM of their p
Page 53 and 54: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 37 2.1.3 S
Page 55 and 56: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 39 activit
Page 57 and 58: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Figure 2.3
Page 59 and 60: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM on an intr
Page 61 and 62: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.1
Page 63 and 64: TIm us HURRICANE PROBLEM ~ I (a) -.
Page 65 and 66: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM emissions)
Page 67 and 68: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 51 Figure
Page 69 and 70: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM (ODDs) 193
Page 71 and 72: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 55 Figure
Page 73 and 74: THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM preparedne
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 59 threat
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nIB US HURRICANE PROBLEM Table 2.3
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 63 Paralle
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM Congress,
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THE US HURRICANE PROBLEM 67 Appendi
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TRC!>PICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH
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71 TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EART
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH F
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH (
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH o
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH N
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH I
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH 3
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35 ,~ 20 1201 55 TROPICAL CYCLONES
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TROPICAL CYCLONES ON PLANET EARTH 9
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HURRICANE FORECASTS Figure 4.1 The
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* t " , " ' " i : , , j !' \ HURRIC
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HURRICANE FORECASTS (e) 7AM ~ ..i~~
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HURRICANE Fa RECASTS While the news
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~-~ "'"00 ;-:'O-= -=-~"'" a",.- .->
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102 HURRICANES: THEIR NATURE AND IM
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~ 0, 2 ~ 2 ... ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 ':! Is I~
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~ .I;~ a ;;'0 . ~ ! ~ " 0 'I' -§.
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CHAPTERS When a hurricane forms, it
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I ~..;. 126 HURRICANES: THEm NATURE
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~'\ '" 128 \ '-- HURRICANES: THEIR
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~ I 00- .". ~ -0( v 1a u .§ ~ ...g
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CHAPTER? 7.1 INTRODUCflON As recoun
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APPENDIX A CHAPTER! Byerly, R., 199
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40 000 30 000 20'000 10 000 APPENDI
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APPENDIX C Selected Data on Tropica
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Figure C.4 Cont: Tracks of intense
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'-'2 ..~ ,-..~ \OQ. ~~ -I" -(') 3.
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APPENDIX C 209 '";ij' 40 Q) ~ C) Q)
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211 APPENDIX D Table D.2 Eastern No
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APPENDIX D Table D.6 Western Austra
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APPENDIX D Table D.8 Fiji Region Na
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APPENDIX D Table 0.10 Southeast Ind
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: 8. ~A ". ~ 00 tU : V ~ ~ ~ V z 8,
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on "'-va , £.c 0 I::.cp. V'O cn ,'
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. OK OK U ~ ,. , , ..' ..~ '"' Z !
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UJ ~ UJ P-'-'" s~~ 0 In + In O-o>,V
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~ =.d.- ~ 0 ..., E-' g S u 'U~ =.g'
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.s~~ ~...:s ~.9: .- .. ..c ..co " ,
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APPENDIX E 233
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APPENDIX E In sum, TDS provides an
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APPENDIX 0 ~ION E 237 A period of t
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APPENDIX E IF SITUATION W~S P (alp)
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29. APPENDIX E p (0) 5 (a/p) T (alp
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APPENDIX E p (0) p p S T (a/o) (a/p
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APPENDIX E p p 5 p (alp) (r) S (r)
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APPENDIX E 247 P (al p p P (alp) p
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D APPENDIX E s s s s s s S T T T T
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APPENDIX E 251 IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY
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APPENDIX E 253 p p T (alp) (a/o) (0
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APPENDIX E P (a/s) P falsI 5 (alp)
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~ APPENDIX F 257 lOP = 5/9°C 1°C
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REFERENCES 259 Nemec, J.M. Nigg <st
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REFERENCES 261 Cochran, L.
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REFERENCES 263 Etzioni, A., 1985: M
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REFERENCES 265 Graham, B., 1992: An
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REFERENCES 267 Katz, R.W., 1993: To
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REFERENCES 269 Mesthene, E.G., 1967
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REFERENCES 271 south Florida. Part
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REFERENCES 273 Smith, K., 1992: Env
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REFERENCES 275 Wolensky, R.P. <stro
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INDEX 277 eye wall concentric eye w
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INDEX silver iodide 112 Simpson, Ro
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